Mild to Life-Threatening Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Mild to Life-Threatening Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Print Mild to Life-Threatening Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 28, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 16, 2020 George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery When heavy or frequent drinkers suddenly decide to quit cold turkey they will experience some physical withdrawal symptomsâ€"which can range from the mildly annoying to severe and even life-threatening. The severity of these withdrawal symptoms is usually dependent upon how chemically dependent the chronic drinker has become. Those who drink heavily on a daily basis, of course, have developed a high level of dependency, but even those who drink daily, but not heavily and those who drink heavily but not daily, can also be chemically dependent upon alcohol.?? When someone who has become alcohol dependent decides to stop drinking, they will experience some level of physical discomfort. For this reason, it is extremely difficult for them to merely stop drinking on their own without assistance and support. Why Never Again Doesnt Usually Mean Never for the Alcohol Dependent The scenario has been played over and over many times. After a particularly damaging or embarrassing binge, the hungover person will make an oath to never drink again and quite often is sincere about quitting. But with the onset of withdrawal symptoms also comes the craving for more alcohol. The body is telling the drinker that it needs alcohol. As the physical symptoms of withdrawal begin to increase, taking another drink simply becomes less painful than not taking oneâ€"or so it seems at the time. For those who have committed themselves to not drinking again, or forced by circumstances do not have access to alcohol, the struggle to fight the withdrawal symptoms can become a dangerous battle, one that can actually become life-threatening. Mild Symptoms of Withdrawl For those who are less chemically dependent, withdrawal symptoms might be as mild as getting the shakes or the sweatsâ€"or perhaps nausea, headache, anxiety, a rapid heartbeat, and increased blood pressure.?? Although these symptoms are uncomfortable and irritating, they are not necessarily dangerous. But they are often accompanied by the craving for more alcohol, making the decision to continue abstinence much more difficult to make. Even the morning after hangover of someone who only occasionally drinks to excess is actually a mild form of alcohol withdrawal from the excesses of the night before as the alcohol content of their blood begins to drop. The symptoms can appear within a few hours after not drinking. Common Hangover Symptoms Serious Symptoms of Withdrawal Within six to 48 hours after not drinking, hallucinations may develop. These usually are visual hallucinations but they can also involve sounds and smells. They can last for a few hours up to weeks at a time.?? Also within this time frame after quitting, convulsions or seizures can occur, which is the point at which alcohol withdrawal can become dangerous if not medically treated. The symptoms may progress to delirium tremens (DTs) after three to five days without alcohol. The symptoms of DTs include profound confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, hyperactivity, and extreme cardiovascular disturbances.?? Once DTs begin, they can cause cardiac disturbances, seizures and other medical complications that can be fatal. What Its Like to Go Through the DTs Getting Treatment for Alcohol Withdrawal The good news for those who are extremely alcohol dependent, and who wish to quit drinking, all of these symptoms can be alleviated and even eliminated with proper medical treatment.?? Typically, for those who are mildly dependent doses of vitamins (including Thiamine), a proper diet, and hydration will prevent most of the mild withdrawal symptoms from occurring. For the severely dependent, medication can be administered, but only by a physician. One approach is to substitute  benzodiazepines such as Librium  for alcohol and gradually reduce the dosage until the patient is drug-free.?? Don't Go It Alone If you are a heavy drinker and want to quit, consult a trained medical professional or a facility that specializes in alcohol and drug treatment, and be honest about your usual alcohol intake. You dont have to do it on your own to prove anything to anyone. Help is available; take advantage of it. The psychological withdrawal is difficult enough without having to fight the physical symptoms as well. Top Medical Treatment Options for Alcohol Withdrawal

The Today s Society s Matters - 908 Words

Minorities Life s Matters In today s world, people are valued by the color of their skin and are assembled based on the amount of money one posses in their savings account. But in America today a very generalized group of Americans are being hunted everyday with inequality in workforce,American society, judicial system,education and etc. Racial Minorities are encountered in a very poorly manner, arguably minorities blame â€Å"white supremacy, white privilege† being the reason why a chain of black lives have been lost due to â€Å"police brutality† . People in the United states are labeled by the exterior and often forgiveful in the reality of people being the same in the interior. Despite the rough patches America has faced, America will never be united if we don t leave the bigoted mindset and the segregation we do within our races. Many may argue that the famous quote â€Å"Make America great again â€Å" shoved in our throats by our political figures today is inaccurate due to our malicious history. On August 28, 2016, Martin Luther King gave a famous speech to a crowd of over a quarter million people. As of today, Martin Luther king speech is simply just words spoken and left in the air. It was a dream never brought to life completely, because even after many years we still live in an America where many people agree is inequal. According to the Washington Post statistically 61 percent of Hispanics say â€Å"there is a lot of discrimination against blacks† and 71 percent say the sameShow MoreRelatedBlack Lives Matter Is A Necessity Of Today s Society1220 Words   |  5 Pagesthat have brought America out of the racially divided country. Today, African-Americans can be found owning business, being successful doctors, professors, and leaders of the world. 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Analysis Of The Umar Abdullah Johnson Theory Of Black Male...

The Umar Abdullah-Johnson Theory of Black Male Alienation posits that a five-stage cycle of institutional repression exists that has effectively sent more black men to jail than it has to college. Any attempt to reverse this war against America’s most misunderstood population begins with a firm analysis of the process and its origins in boyhood. Americans, including Blacks, have become so desensitized to the pain of Black boys and so expectant of their failures that their pain is often overlooked and their achievements treated like occasional glitches in a system that has successfully made Black boys a permanent underclass in this country. â€Å"But the color of a Negro s skin makes him easily recognizable, makes him suspect, converts him into a defenseless target† (Richard Wright, Black Boy) Mis-education often begins at birth. The average first day of life for Black children is when they become subjected to self-hatred and self-hating messages about themselves. They’re often getting messages about themselves that is directly or indirectly coming from the white culture. From the first day they are brought into this world, the mis-education and the self-hatred towards our babies starts right then and there. It starts to increase in preschool because in preschool, for those that decide to send their child to preschool, this will be the first time that the Black boy comes face to face with the School guidelines of the American social order where he is expected to preform to

Why People Not Participate In Physical Activity Free Essays

Student Number: S2880936 Name: Wan-Pin Wang Title: Assignment 1-Literature review- why people not participate in physical activity? People are less willing to participate in physical activities after they get married. The most common three reasons that why married men not participate in physical activities are: time, motivation, and age. â€Å"Married people are often older and have more responsibility for children and other factors; it could be these responsibilities which are curtailing their activity patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Not Participate In Physical Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Weekends are a golden opportunity to take the family out – especially for married families – to get out and enjoy a natural environment – which has also been shown to have additional benefits. † said Dr. Len Almond. (Martin Beckford, The Telegraph News: Married couples exercise less than single people, 23 Sep. 2011) Family and work are occupying most time of married people, they might need to work for long time or take care of children when they have day off. If a married man wants to do exercise with his kids, he needs to think twice if the activity he wants to do is suitable for his kids, which may lower his interest to get involved. Day by day, they are getting older and the function of body is not as functional as young people; age becomes one of major factor that married men not get involved in exercises. Not only married men not participate but the single men do so. Different with married men, the most common factors of single men are: lack of support, friends and do not know how to get involved. BC Recreation and Parks Association and the Heart and Stoke Foundation of BC Yukon, Why don’t people participate? ) (Facts and Stats: Motivators and barriers in physical activity) Single men like to spend time with friends. They prefer to sit on sofa and watch TV all day than going outside and do exercises. They like to be with friends and not willing to go to gym alone. As can be seen in the survey, if friend invite them to do exer cise together, single men would have higher interest to participate. How to cite Why People Not Participate In Physical Activity, Essay examples

Marketing Communication Brand and Products

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Communicationfor Brand and Products. Answer: Introduction Integrated marketing communication plan is the extension of marketing strategies and objectives used by the company. It includes the communication strategies used by the organization to reach the target customers and promote its brand and products. Communication is a process that is used to increase the brand awareness and get customer feedback. It is a way to establish a customer relationship and create brand loyalty. The aim of the report is to help a start up company design a communication plan to help it accomplishing its marketing strategies and goals (Morrison 2016). The author chooses Aconex private limited to evaluate its communication plan and design a marketing plan. Aconex private limited is an Australian based company that is involved in providing web based collaboration and services for the project management and information management. The report analyzes the target audience of the company and the communication objectives used by the organization to promote the product and increase brand awareness. The report focuses on helping the company develop a media strategy to achieve its marketing objectives and plan (Aconex Private Limited). Background of the Company Aconex private limited is an Australian based company established in the year 2000. It is a computer software industry that is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. The company is involved in providing mobile and web based technology and service for the project management and information management. The clients of Aconex mainly involve from the industry such as construction, infrastructure, power, mining and oil and gas industry. It is an IT company is involved in providing softwares to the organization globally. The company aims at expanding its services to other countries and has successfully done so. The products and services provided by the company are: Service of project management and information management for managing processes, communicating workflows, and building information. Construction field management that includes field inspection issues of mobile devices. BIM data and process management services. OM manuals (Furniss et al. 2012). The company uses various advertising techniques to promote its services to the target customers. The aim and objectives of the company is to expand its business to the other countries and provide its services to the customers all over the globe. The company uses internet and social media for advertising and proton its services. The main communication channel of the company is internet and social media networks such as facebook and LinkedIn. The marketing objectives of the company are as follows: To expand its business to other countries such as India, To lower its cost of service provision. To attract loyal customers and maximize its profit by increasing the number of customers consuming the services. It also aims at building a good relationship with its clients and build create a unique brand image (Royle and Laing 2014). Target Audiences Target audience is the customers whom the organizations targets to sell its products and services. There are various ways to segment the customers. The customers are targeted on the basis of characteristics that they hold. It depends on geographical, demographic, behavioral, social and cultural segmentation. The first step in the development of a successful integrated marketing communication plan is to identify the customers considering the demographic factors, income levels and geographic location. The target customers of Aconex private limited include clients or the organizations that is related to infrastructure development, oil and mining sector and construction management. Since the organization is involved in providing services for the process management, it mainly concentrates on sectors that are involved in infrastructural development and constructions. The customers of Aconex private limited are not only from Australia Melbourne but also from United States of America, Europe, and Germany. The aim of the company is to build a good relationship with the customers and attract loyal clients that stay with the company for a long period of time. The customers mainly include engineers (Rogala and Bialowas 2016). Communication Objectives Communication is the transfer of information and services to the respective heads in order to achieve the set goals and objectives. The company mainly uses internet and social media to achieve its marketing goal and communication objectives. Since it aims at expanding its services to the new market communication is a very important to increase the awareness of the service that the company is going to launch. Communication is a way of communicating important information of the products and services to the targeted people (Besley et al. 2016). The communication objectives of Aconex private limited are as follows: Creating brand and service awareness: the primary objective of the company is to create brand awareness among consumers. Aconex private limited aims at creating a unique brand image of the services that it provides in order to achieve customer loyalty and increase sales and organizational development. It is essential for the organizations to ensure that the messages that it shares with the consumers should be unique and impactful so that it is able to influence the larger consumer base. The company uses various techniques to create a unique brand image and name. creating brand awareness helps in increasing consumer awareness of the products and services that the organization provides. Most commonly used methods are based on creating a unique logo, advertisement statement, graphic design. Aconex private limited creates a unique brand image by providing good quality service to be consumers and timely delivery of the services. The company has a website of its own where the information o f the services that the organization is available. The website helps in guiding the consumers to consume the products and services (Choudhury and Harrigan 2014). Increasing the sale- the second objective of the company is to effect the sale of services. This can be done by effectively communicating the information of the services that it provides to customers all over the world. If the customers are aware of the services that the company supplies then the sale increases that in turn increases the profit of the company. Getting valuable feedback from the customers after the sale of the service is necessary to give after sales services and gain consumer trust. This helps the company in building a good relationship with customers and attracts customer loyalty that is likely to consume the products of the company for a longer period. Communication with the customers helps them keep informed of the offers and products that the organization provides. This includes spreading information of the new product launched, offers and expansion. Aconex private limited uses methods of email and social networking sites such as LinkedIn to connect to its custom ers (Shani and Chalasani 2013). Changing and reshaping consumer attitude: the third objective of Aconex private limited is to change the perception of the customer related to the brand and the organization. It is done to remove the misconceptions that the consumers have for the brand and product in the market so that such perception does not hamper the market of the product. Communication is important to retain the customers that are loyal to the company (Thorson and Moore 2013). Creative Strategy There are various ways to create unique advertising styles in order to create a new image of the brands of services and products that it supplies. The content of the advertisement is necessary to create a unique strategy and attract larger consumers. It is essential to incorporate actors and actresses in advertising the products and services as it will help in attracting customers that are fans of the actors. For example, if Aconex private limited wants to promote its products and services of Indi then using actors such as Amitabh and Sharukh will attract larger section of consumers (Percy 2014). It is not only important to make the advertisements attractive but the managers should also focus on making advertisements more informative with good contents. The tagline of the company is what attracts the consumers. The taglines such as project success Easy as Aconex is catchy and will help in attracting customers. Advertisements should be creative so that consumers are easily able to dec ide the services that it wants to use. The advertisement created should be posted on televisions, facebook, LinkedIn and the social media sites (Yeshin 2012). The advertisement that it broadcasts should be ethical and not hurt sentiments of anyone. It is illegal to publish the name of competitors and disrespect them in public. The data should be confidential in nature. The information of the clients should also not be made public unless they give the consent. Various issues are involved with advertisement (Parry et al. 2012). Design Message The design message should be creative in nature and also should be familiar and likeable by all. It is illegal to create a unique design that is copied from others. The taglines such as project success Easy as Aconex are catchy and will help in attracting customers. Media Plan and Media Strategy The organizations can reach their customers through various ways. Aconex private limited communicates with its customers using internet and social media. Social media is a new method that is being used by the organizations to create an impact on the consumers and increase the sales. Internet can be used in various ways to increase the ale such as online discussion, marketing and selling products online, use of social media to promote the product and getting valuable customer feedback (Couldry 2012). The organization uses the internet and social media in following ways to increase the sale: Publishing an impactful advertisement on social media sites and networks such as facebook, LinkedIn, and twitter will help the organization increase sale. This will help the company attract customers. Advertisement is helpful for the consumers as it helps in increasing awareness of the product (Mihart 2012). Before joining the social network, it is essential for the organizations to know the customer base. Facebook and Instagram are the best social sites to promote the products as it is the most widely used networks. Internet not only helps in advertisement and promotion but also connects to the customers and establishes a relationship. A good relationship with customers will help the organization increase its sale due to the trust that it gains. Internet can also be used to know the strategies of the competitors so that the company can act and frame the policies accordingly (Gerbaudo 2012) Budget The budget of Aconex private limited for the promotion and integrated communication plan is as follows: Attributes Estimated expense (dollar) Advertisement 5000 Social media promotion 5000 Mail 2000 Newspaper and print media 1500 Conclusion Hence, it can be conclude that there are various steps involved in making an effective integrated communication plan. It is essential for the IMC manager to ensure that the plans it develops will be successfully implemented. Analyzing the factors that are likely to affect the plan is necessary. Evaluation of the plan after its implementation is necessary to evaluate the risk that the plan so that it can be altered. Effectiveness of IMC plan can be measured by getting customer feedback and analyzing the sales and revenue of the organization. If it increases then the plan is successfully otherwise, it needs to be altered. References "Aconex (@Aconex) | Twitter". Twitter.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Oct. 2016. "Aconex Private Limited". Aconex. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Oct. 2016. Besley, J.C., Dudo, A.D., Yuan, S. and Ghannam, N.A., 2016. Qualitative Interviews With Science Communication Trainers About Communication Objectives and Goals.Science Communication,38(3), pp.356-381. Choudhury, M.M. and Harrigan, P., 2014. CRM to social CRM: the integration of new technologies into customer relationship management.Journal of Strategic Marketing,22(2), pp.149-176. Couldry, N., 2012.Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity. Furniss, O., Lehman, B., Blake, B., Strybosch, N., Ulpiano, R., Phillpot, R., Jasper, L. and Mckinlay, J., Aconex Limited, 2012.Information management systems and methods. U.S. Patent Application 14/129,892. Gerbaudo, P., 2012.Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. Mihart, C., 2012. Impact of integrated marketing communication on consumer behaviour: Effects on consumer decision-making process.International Journal of Marketing Studies,4(2), p.121. Morrison, T., 2016. Integrated Marketing Communications. Parry, S., Jones, R., Rowley, J. and Kupiec-Teahan, B., 2012. Marketing for survival: a comparative case study of SME software firms.Journal of small business and enterprise development,19(4), pp.712-728. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Rogala, A. and Bialowas, S., 2016. Functions and Objectives of Internal Communication. InCommunication in Organizational Environments(pp. 65-97). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Royle, J. and Laing, A., 2014. The digital marketing skills gap: Developing a Digital Marketer Model for the communication industries.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.65-73. Shani, D. and Chalasani, S., 2013. Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing. Thorson, E. and Moore, J., 2013.Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press. Yeshin, T., 2012.Integrated marketing communications. Routledge.

What is Resistance Essay Example

What is Resistance Essay Technically, resistance is defined as the ability of a substance to prevent or resist the flow of electrical current.Electricity is conducted through a conductor, in this case nichrome wire, by means of free electrons. The number of free electrons depends on the material and freer electrons results in a better conductor. For example, a piece of metal such as gold would have more free electrons as the atoms do not hold on to their electrons very well in comparison to another conductor such as plastic which has less free electrons therefore, making it a worse conductor of electricity due to the higher level of resistance. The free electrons are given energy and as a result move and collide with neighboring free electrons. This happens across the length of the wire and thus electricity is conducted.The smaller the cross-sectional area of the nichrome wire is e.g. 20swg, the fewer channels of electrons in the wire for current to flow and as a result of this the resistance will be high bu t having a lower area of wire leaves it more susceptible to a heating effect. However, when the cross -sectional area increases to a value of 36swg for example the resistance will decrease as there are more channels of electrons in the wire (This can be seen in the following diagrams; figure 1 and figure 2).Factors Which Affect the Resistance of the Wire?There are various factors which affect resistance of a wire, three of them being the material of the wire e.g. Nichrome or Gold, the cross-sectional area of the wire, the length of the wire and the temperature of the wire.1Below, you can see the effects these factors have upon the relationship between the resistance of a wire and its length:- The length of the wire: if a wire is longer, the moving electrons have further to go, so there is a higher chance of an electron colliding with an atom. Thus, increasing the resistance in the wire.- The cross-sectional area of the wire: the moving electrons in a current are spread out over a gr eater area. There results in a lower chance of an electron colliding with an atom, so more current can flow. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a wire decreases its resistance, this can be seen by figures 1 and 2.- The temperature of the wire: if the wires temperature increases, its atoms vibrate more, each one moving around a fixed centre. There is more chance of electrons colliding with the vibrating atoms, so less current can flow. An increase in temperature increases the resistance of a wire.Ohms LawResistance is measured in ohms. One ohm is represented with the symbol: ?The greater the number of ohms, the greater the resistance present in a wire.The image on the right shows the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It can also be understood through the following equation; voltage = current * resistanceV = I * ?Relationship between current and voltage when a resistor follows Ohms LawThe current flowing through a resistor at a constant temperature is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor. Following those guide lines we can come to believe that if you double the voltage, the current also doubles. This is called Ohms Law. Figure 5 (left) shows what happens to the current and voltage when a resistor follows Ohms Law.Relationship between current and voltage when a filament lamp is present in a circuitA filament lamp is a typically bulb found in many circuits. This contains a filament (typically tungsten) which heats up when an electric current flows through it and creates light. This can be seen by figure 7.The filament lamp doesnt follow Ohms law. The resistance of the lamp increases whilst the temperature of it increases and, due to this the current flowing through the filament is not directly proportionate to the voltage across it. Figure 6 shows the graph which conveys the relationship between the current and voltage for a filament lamp.VariablesDuring this experiment, our independent variable (which will be changed) i s the length of nichrome wire.In order to collect our results, we will measure the voltage (dependant variable) passed through a current of 0.5A whilst varying the length at which the electricity is transmitted through the wire. From this we will compare the relationship between the length of the wire and its resistance.In addition to this, several variables must be controlled during the experiment. Essentially, this focuses on ensuring that the flow of energy throughout the current remains the same in each test, ensuring that the same current is emitted for every test. The following table (table 1) explains this.Control VariableWhy must it be controlled?How will it be controlled?MaterialWe must use the same material due to the fact that various materials have different resistances. If I were to use a material with a high resistance then, one with a low resistance my results would become un-reliable.I will use a 26SWG Nichrome Wire (See justification in pre-tests section.) It will b e attached to a 1 metre ruler.TemperatureThe variable power-pack will be turned off after each recording has been made (refer to method), this will allow the wire to cool down so it will not affect my data.Cross-Sectional AreaAs previously mentioned in the background (with figures 1 ; 2) varying the cross sectional area of the wire (thickness) will affect the resistance and make the data collected less reliable.From the pre-tests and the fact that we did not have enough resources to vary the gauge of wire we will be keeping the Nichrome wire at 26SWGs.Current (0.5A)The current causes the wire to increase in temperature. Keeping the current low at 0.5A lowers the heating affect and ensures the resistance of the wire will not be affected. This will increase the reliability of my results.Through the use of a variable power-pack we can adjust the input of volts and maintain a constant current of 0.5 Amps for each test.Straightness of WireThe straightness of the wire affects the length o f it. If a wire with a crocodile clip on it is connected at 20cm and the wire bends, the length and resistance of the wire changes. Therefore, we must keep the wire as straight as possible, that is why we are using a ruler and some sellotape.The wire chosen (26swg) can be easily straightened along a 1 metre ruler. For that reason, we will place the wire along the ruler and connect it to either end with the use of sellotape. This will lower the chance of the resistance being affected and thus, increasing the reliability of our results.EquipmentEquipment NameJustification for useDiagramVariable Power-Pack (0-12V)The use of a variable power pack allowed me or any member of my group to manually adjust the voltage input through the circuit in order to control and manipulate the number of amps being transmitted in our circuit, in our case it allowed us to keep the number of amps to 0.5 in order to make our experiment reproducible.Digital AmmeterUsing a digital ammeter allowed for much mor e precise readings of the amps present in the electric current with only a +/- 0.1 area for mistake in comparison to the traditional ammeter which has an area for error of +/- 0.5 as it requires the use of the naked-eye to record the readings. For that reason the digital ammeter was used in the experiment.Digital Volt MeterDigital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage to 2 decimal places by use of an analog to digital converter, which lowers the margin of error to +/- 0.1 whereas, an analog voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. This requires the use of the naked-eye and increases the margin of error to +/- 0.5. For that reason the digital volt meter was used in the experiment.100cm Ruler with wire onThe range of the length of wire was 25-95cm, the use of a 100cm ruler allowed us to easily place the wire straightly upon it and easily record the measurement of length in comparison to laying down four 30cm rulers which would have increased the error of margin in the reading of various lengths such as 35cm or 75cm.26swg Nichrome WireFrom the pre-tests we found that this wire could be easily straightened along the 1 meter ruler whereas the 36swg piece of wire could not which meant the resistance was not affected as there were next to no bends in the wire. Also, it was not as susceptible to heat as the 20swg wire which when heated would have caused the resistance to increase due to the more energy in the circuit, which would have increased the chances of collisions between free electrons and atoms.2 x Crocodile ClipsCrocodile clips allow us to connect the wires to the circuit (creating a complete circuit) in a safe manner which lowers the risk to the people involved in the experiment.4 x WiresUsing these in our experiment is essential. These allow us to connect each piece of equipment together for example; the voltmeter to thee variable power-pack.Method1. Clear your workspace, this will make your working area safe for you and your class mates and ensure that there are no accidents.A) Place chairs/stools under desks.B) Clear the desks of paper, books, bags etc. and simply have a pen and results table in order to record your results (following the steps below you will find out how to create a suitable results table).2. Gather all the necessary equipment, as previously mentioned. The Equipment is necessary in order to undergo the experiment because if all equipment is not used or set up accordingly then the data will not be reproducible.3. Set the equipment up as shown by the circuit diagram below, following this circuit diagram will increase the similarity to our experiment therefore, increasing the reliability of the results collected.4. Now that the equipment is set up, ensure that the variable power-pack is turned off with the adjustable voltage dial is turned to 0, this is to make sure that the wire does not heat up before acquiring data as the temperature will affect the resistance a s previously mentioned in the Background section of this document.5. Create a results table with the following headings in a similar order. You should also include the suitable range of lengths at which you will be moving your crocodile clips in the appropriate column (wire length(cm)) For this experiment I chose to use the range of lengths; 25cm-95cm.Wire Length (cm)Current (A)Cross Sectional Area (swg)Voltage (V)Resistance (R = V/I)Test 1Test 2Test 3Average6. Place one wire with a crocodile clip on it at one point on the 1 metre ruler, then place the other wire with a crocodile clip connected at another point 25cms apart.7. Turn the variable power-pack on, adjust the voltage dial until the digital ammeter has a constant reading of 0.50A.8. Record the amount of volts as displayed on the digital volt meter on your results table. for example, 1.289. Once recorded, turn the variable power-pack off and wait a reasonable amount of time so that the wire has sufficiently cooled down, this is because if the wire increases in temperature the resistance will be effected as previously mentioned in the Background section. This could result in our results being less reliable and giving me less confidence in my conclusion.10. Then, remove one wire and increase the length to 35cm. Repeat steps 7-9. Continue to do this until you reach the length 95cm. Once you have recorded the reading for 95cm repeat the above stages 2 more times until you have repeated the range of 25-95cm with 10cm intervals 3 times.11. Now that you have repeated each length 3 times you must work out the average voltage for each length, do to this you simply add all three results together and divide them by 3 (the number of test carried out). For example, I have three results 1.15, 1.17 and 1.12, these add up to make 3.44, then I divide 3.44 by 3 to get a mean average of 1.15.12. With the average, we can calculate the resistance In the circuit. To do this, we must multiply each average voltage by 2, this is because when using the equation for resistance we will get R = V/0.5 which is the equivalent to the average voltage multiplied by 2. Continue to do this for each length until you have done all 8 sets of data.Pre-TestsChange Gauge (SWG) of WireLength of Wire (cm)Cross Sectional Area (SWG)Current (A)Voltage (V)Average (V)Test 1Test 2Test 325160.501.911.911.921.91100160.507.747.767.777.7625200.500.070.070.070.07100200.500.170.170.170.1725260.500.130.140.130.13100260.500.420.420.420.4225360.5011.021.021.02100360.503.693.763.733.73From viewing these results we can interpret the temperatures created when the current of 0.5Amps has been placed through the circuit. For example, when viewing the data for the 16SWG wire we can see that the voltage at 100cm is 7.76V, this high voltage could be due to the low cross sectional area of the wire and because of this the temperature would be much higher in comparison to that of the 26SWG wire which has a voltage of 0.42V at a length of 100cm. Due to the increase in temperature present in the wire the data cannot be counted as reliable as the heat of the wire affects the resistance and therefore, the voltage read by thee voltmeter (for further explanation on resistance and the cross-sectional area of a wire see the Background section).Also, going up a gauge of wire, at 20SWG does not provide reliable results in my opinion. This can be seen with the results at 25cm which has an average voltage of 0.07V and the other at 100cm which has an average voltage of 0.17V. The reading at 100cm was expected to be approximately 0.28V and as you can 0.17V is over 0.1V under the predicted result. This could have occurred for multiple reasons. For example, the wire may not have been straight and due to this the resistance may have been affected thus, resulting in the lower piece of data collected.Finally, from the data gathered and the selection of resources used in this pre-test I can come to the conclusion that carrying out my final exper iment in this manner would not be the best way to collect reproducible data, this is due to multiple reasons; one, there are simply not enough different pieces of wire with varying cross-sectional areas to carry out the experiment to satisfactory standard and two, the increments used are not very good for plotting a graph or conveying accurate results, the increments used in this pre-test were a follows 4, 6, 10. This is not an even increase and would give me less confidence in my results when it came to plotting them on a graph.

Cyberstalking and Internet Harassment - Then and Now

Cyberstalking and Internet Harassment - Then and Now The first federal prosecution of cyber harassment in the United State was in June 2004 when 38-year-old James Robert Murphy from Columbia, South Carolina, pleaded guilty to two counts of Use of a Telecommunications Device (the internet) with Intent to Annoy, Abuse, Threaten or Harass. According to investigators, Murphy was sending anonymous and uninvited emails to Seattle resident Joelle Ligon and to her co-workers as early as 1998. Murphy and Ligon  had dated on and off from 1984-1990. As time went on, the harassment increased and along with dozens of obscene emails each day, Murphy also began sending sexually  explicit faxes to Ligon and her co-workers. Cant Get Away When Ligon moved to different states and changed jobs, Murphy was able to track her through malware he had placed on her computers and continue his attack. For over four years Ligon tried to ignore the messages by deleting them, but Murphy began making it appear that Ligon was the one sending the sexually explicit materials to her fellow workers. Murphy also had special email programs in order to hide his identity and he created the Anti Joelle Fan Club (AJFC) and repeatedly sent threatening emails from this  alleged group. Ligon decided to start collecting the materials as evidence and went to the police who enlisted the help of the Northwest Cyber Crime Task Force, composed of the FBI, United States Secret Service, Internal Revenue Service, Seattle Police Department, and Washington State Patrol. The NWCCTF investigates Cyber-related violations including criminal computer intrusions, intellectual property theft, child pornography and internet fraud. She also managed to identify Murphy as the person harassing her and she obtained a court order barring contact. When Murphy emailed her, denying that he was harassing  her, he violated the court order. Murphy was indicted in April 2004 on 26 counts of sending harassing emails and other violations between May 2002 and April 2003. At first, Murphy pleaded innocent to all charges, but two months later and after a plea agreement was reached, he pleaded guilty to two of the violations. No Remorse From Murphy In court, Murphy told the Judge what he did was stupid, hurtful and just plain wrong. I was going through a bad patch in my life. I want to take my lumps and get on with life. In sentencing Murphy Judge Zilly noted that he was surprised that Murphy made no effort to indicate your remorse to the victim, to indicate you were sorry. The Judge noted that he had received a letter from Joelle Ligon unlike any he had ever received from a crime victim. In it Ligon asked the Judge to impose an effective and compassionate sentence. Judge Zilly decided to impose 500 hours of community service instead of the 160 hours requested by the government. Zilly also sentenced Murphy to five years of probation and more than $12,000 which was to paid to the City of Seattle to compensate the City for 160 hours of work time lost by employees dealing with the harassment. The Crime of Cyberstalking Continues to Grow It used to be that news reports such as Murphys case were an oddity, but with the increase of people managing several aspects of their lives online, both at work and in their personal lives, it has created a vulnerability that attracts criminals including cyberstalkers, webcam blackmailers and identity thieves. According to a poll released by Rad Campaign, Lincoln Park Strategies and Craig Newmark of craigconnects, a quarter of the American population has been bullied, harassed or threatened online and that number almost doubles for those under the age of 35. A third of the victims of online harassment are afraid that the situation may spill over into their real lives resulting in embarrassment and humiliation, loss of jobs, and many are scared for their lives. Reporting Online Harassment and Cyberstalking Many victims of cyberstalking do like Joelle Ligon did when Murphy first harass her, she ignored it, but as the threats grew she sought help. Today, it appears that the response by social networks and law enforcement is improving, with 61 percent of the reported cases resulting in the social networks shutting down the accounts of the offenders and 44 percent of reported cases to law enforcement resulted in an effort to track down the offender. If You Are Threatened Threats should never be ignored - report it. Keeping a record of the date and time of the threat, a screen shot, and hard copies is evidence. It not only can help authorities, social networks, ISPs and website host figure out the identity of the offender, but it also helps prove the level of the harassment which is the deciding factor on if, or if not, a complaint gets investigated.