Trigger Points Definition And Types Health And Social Care Essay

Primary trigger points develop independently and non as the consequence of trigger point activity elsewhere. Secondary trigger points may develop in counter musculuss and neighbouring protective musculuss as a effect of emphasis and musculus cramp. It is normally experienced in patients after primary trigger point riddance. Satellite trigger points may develop in the country of referred hurting as a consequence of relentless resting motor unit activity in the musculus. Generation of trigger points consequences from the development of secondary and satellite trigger points. This concatenation reaction of trigger point generation may be elicited by many factors, including musculus failing, tenseness, and postural abnormalcies. ( 1 ) Active trigger points are considered stamp, painful, and diagnostic with hurting at remainder and during gesture. There are two common reactions seen in patients when feeling active trigger points. The first 1 is a seeable â€Å" local vellication response † of the musculus or tegument. The 2nd reaction is known as the â€Å" leap response † , where the patient tends to leap or travel off from the healer ‘s palpating manus during scrutiny. Palpation of a trigger point causes a local or specific referred hurting form, which is limited to primary trigger points. A thorough cognition and apprehension of referred hurting forms are necessary to forestall any errors when handling trigger points ( orbiter ) in the referred hurting countries and neglecting to detect the primary trigger point ( 1 ) Latent trigger points are normally found coincidentally on tactual exploration. They are described as symptomless and do non necessitate intervention unless they are activated. Latent trigger points are stamp and may show a local vellication response. Latent trigger points may be a cause of musculus shortening and failing even though they are non painful. Latent trigger points are largely found in the country of the shoulder girdle, aiming the cowl muscle and levator shoulder blade musculuss. ( 1 )Gun trigger Points: History and Literature ReviewGun trigger points were first described and mapped by Janet G. Travell, MD in the 1940 ‘s. Later in old ages, Drs. Travell and David Simons both wrote the text edition on Trigger point Therapy: Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Sixty old ages of medical research has shown that trigger point therapy relieves hurting, nevertheless the medical community has been slow to advance its usage. ( 2 ) In 2007, a reappraisal of diagnostic standards used in surveies of trigger points concluded that there is yet limited consensus on the definition of myofascial trigger point hurting syndrome. Further research is required in order to prove the dependability and cogency of both the diagnostic standards and the effectivity of intervention intercessions. ( 3 ) In 1942, Dr. Janet Travell foremost used the term â€Å" trigger point † to depict a clinical determination which holds the undermentioned features: Pain related to a discrete, cranky point in skeletal musculus or facia, non caused by acute local injury, redness, devolution, tumor or infection. A painful point or a tumour is felt in the musculus that can arouse a vellication response upon stimulation. Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the patient ‘s symptoms of hurting which can radiate typical of the specific musculus incorporating the trigger point. Neurological scrutiny findings can non explicate the trigger point hurting behaviour. The history associated with trigger points suggested many thoughts on how they are formed and why they cause hurting. It was one time believed that trigger points were inflammatory cicatrixs in the musculus. However, biopsies disproved this when they showed no abnormalcies. More late, it has been claimed that trigger points are spasms or contractures of voluntary musculuss, likely caused by an abnormalcy at the neuromuscular junction where the nervousnesss commanding musculuss connect to the musculus fibres ( Travell & A ; Simons, 1999 ) . However this theory seems dubious since no contractions of voluntary musculus appear to be identified by traditional EMG and since the trigger points are frequently off from the site of the neuromuscular junction. ( 4 ) The most recent suggested mechanism is that trigger points are muscle spindles, which are activated by adrenalin stimulation. These, 1 centimeter in length, musculus fibres, are called intrafusal musculus fibres separating them from the voluntary musculus fibres, which are known as extrafusal musculus fibres. The intrafusal musculus fibres inside the spindle alone are stimulated by epinephrine through the sympathetic nervous system. The â€Å" sympathetic spindle cramp † theory of trigger points proposes that when spindles are over-stimulated by epinephrine they become painful. The diagrams below illustrate the difference between intrafusal and extrafusal musculus fibres: ( 4 ) Figure1- Muscle spindles: Intrafusal and extrafusal fibres Figure2- Neural Circiut ( intrafusal/sensory and extrafusal/motor ) The most acknowledged theory that explains the trigger point mechanism suggests that the muscular overload leads to a drawn-out release of Ca2+ ion from the sarcoplasmic Reticulum, storage unit for the musculus cell, ensuing in a sticking of the untrained or overladen cells. This causes a contracture with compaction of capillaries, increasing local energy demand and local ischaemia to the country. This â€Å" energy crisis † causes the release of chemicals that enhance hurting activity. As a consequence of this activity, the involved musculus is weakened therefore leting the environing musculuss to develop trigger points in a compensatory mode ( 4 )Gun trigger Points: The Travell and Simons ModelThis theoretical account presently represents the most normally recognized account as to the etiology of trigger points. They suggest the followers ( 5 ) : Dysfunctional end-plate activity occur, largely associated with a strain, taking to an inordinate release of acetylcholine ( Ach ) at the synapse, along with stored Ca High Ca degrees maintain the calcium-charged Gatess unfastened, while the Ach continue to be released An oxygen/nutrient shortage is created as a consequence from ischaemia in the country, which in bend leads to a local energy crisis Without available ATP, the local tissue is unable to rinse out the accrued Ca ions which are ‘keeping the Gatess open ‘ for Ach to go on being released Washing out the overruning Ca needs more energy than prolonging a contracture, so the contracture remains The ensuing muscle-fiber contracture ( nonvoluntary, without motor potencies ) is different from a contraction ( voluntary with motor potencies ) The contracture is maintained by the chemical science at the excitation country, non by action potencies from the cord While the endplate supports bring forthing Ach flow, the actin/myosin fibrils assume a to the full shortened place ( a weakened province ) in the immediate country around the motor end-plate ( at the centre of the fibre ) This knot is the ‘nodule ‘ which is the tangible feature of a trigger point As this procedure occurs, the balance of the sarcomeres of that fibre are stretched, making the taut nodule, which can normally be palpated ( 5 ) In 2008, a reappraisal in The Archivess of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation concludes that Travell and Simons incorporate hypothesis is the most sure and most complete suggested etiology of myofascial trigger points. However, the feedback cringle proposed in this hypothesis has some weak links, and surveies by Shah and co-workers peculiarly provide a solid nexus for one of them. The feedback cringle connects the hypothesized energy crisis with the surroundings changes responsible for noxious stimulation of local nociceptors that leads to the local and referred hurting of myofascial trigger points. Shah ‘s studies quantify the presence of non merely 1 noxious stimulation but 11 of them with great concentrations of immune system chemicals. The consequences besides strongly put a important clinical differentiation between active and latent trigger points. Subjects with active trigger points in the musculus have a biochemical surroundings of selected inflammatory go-betweens, n europeptides, cytokines, and catecholamines unlike those in topics kicking of latent or absent trigger points. ( 6 )Causes of Trigger PointsJanet Travell and David Simons have confirmed that the undermentioned factors contribute to heightening and keeping trigger point activity: Nutritional lack, particularly vitamin C, B-complex and Fe Hormonal instabilities ( low thyroid, menopausal or premenstrual state of affairss, for case ) Infections ( bacteriums, viruses or barm ) Allergies ( wheat and dairy in peculiar ) Low oxygenation of tissues The reverberations of trigger point activity are far from a simple musculoskeletal hurting. They can be accompanied by hyperventilation and chronic weariness every bit good as evident pelvic inflammatory disease ( 5 )Gun trigger Points and Breathing Dysfunction:Trigger point activity is often found in the musculuss of the neckshoulder part which besides act as accessary external respiration musculuss, the scalenes in peculiar. In the event of chronic weariness and increased anxiousness, hyperventilation occurs, which can be associated with a assortment of secondary symptoms including concerns, cervix, shoulder and arm hurting, along with giddiness, palpitation, fainting, and digestive symptoms. ( 5 ) Clinically, where upper thorax fixators of the shoulder and intercostals, thoracic and paraspinal musculuss of the pectoral part are likely to feel as tense, fibrotic, with engagement of active trigger points. Successful take a breathing retraining and standardization of energy degrees seems in such instances to be accelerated following initial standardization of the functional unity of the accessary musculuss of respiration, whether straight or indirectly ( latissimus dorsi, psoas, quadratus lumborum ) ( 5 )Gun trigger Points and Referred Pain:Harmonizing to the medical lexicon of Dorland, referred hurting is a term used to depict the phenomenon of hurting perceived at a site next to or at a distance from the site of an hurt ‘s beginning ( 7 ) and harmonizing to physicians Janet Travell and David Simons, referred hurting is the specifying symptom of trigger points. The ground why many conventional interventions of hurting frequently fail is because referred hurting is a decept ive phenomenon. It ‘s a error to presume that the job is precisely at the topographic point that hurts. Travell and Simons ‘s research has shown that trigger points are the primary cause of hurting 75 % of the clip. Trigger points may do concerns, cervix and jaw hurting, low back hurting, tennis cubitus, and carpal tunnel syndrome. They are oftenly mistaken for arthritis, tendinoses, bursitis, or ligament hurt. Gun trigger points besides cause symptoms every bit diverse as giddiness, otalgias, sinusitis, sickness and pyrosis, every bit good as numbness in the custodies and pess. Even fibromyalgia may hold its beginnings with trigger points. ( 8 ) Referred hurting is often felt as an oppressive profound ache that can be sharpened by motion. Referred myofascial hurting can be every bit unbearable as post-surgical hurting. Muscles that have been subjected to strive or overload are susceptible to develop trigger points.These trigger points will do symptoms of stiffness and joint hurting. ( 8 ) Figure3- A music instrument that causes trigger points and referred hurting Referred hurting can frequently be triggered by simply pressing on a trigger point that is bad plenty to reproduce portion of its referred hurting behaviour. Since the mechanisms of the human nervous system are so unthinkably little, research on hurting referral is complicated. The bantam electrochemical urges in the nervousnesss can be detected and measured to a certain bound ; nevertheless, it is non with truth or great favoritism. Furthermore, moralss limit how far one can travel in hurting experiments. On the other manus, scientists have come up with a figure of theories explicating how hurting can be referred from its topographic point. The simplest hypothesis to accept refering referred hurting is that the signals fundamentally get assorted in the neurological wiring. Sensory inputs from several beginnings are known to unify into individual nerve cells at the spinal degree, where they are integrated and altered before being transmitted to the encephalon. As one electrical signa l may hold possible influence on another, mistaken feelings may ensue. ( 8 )A Microscopic Position:The undermentioned drawing is a representation of several musculus fibres within a trigger point. It shows a microscopic position of an existent trigger point. This specific trigger point would do concern over the left oculus and sometimes at the really top of the caput. ( 8 ) Figure4- A microscopic position of a trigger point in a musculus fibre Letter A is a muscular fibre in its resting province neither stretched nor contracted. The distance between the short intersections lines ( Z bands ) within the fibre characterizes the length of the single sarcomeres. The sarcomeres run along the length of the fibre, perpendicular to the Z sets. Letter B is a mass of sarcomeres in a musculus fibre which are in their province of upper limit uninterrupted contraction that define a trigger point. The ball-shaped construction of the contraction knot shows how that portion of the musculus fibre has drawn up and go shorter and wider, drawing the Z set closer together. Letter C is the section of the musculus fibre that originates from the contraction knot and extends to the musculus ‘s fond regard. In the figure, the bigger distance between the Z sets, demonstrates how the musculus fibre is being stretched by tenseness within the contraction knot. These overstretched constituents are what cause stringency and shortness in a musculus. Normally, the sarcomeres in a on the job musculus act as bantam pumps, which contract and relax in order to assist blood circulate through the capillaries that supply their metabolic demands. When sarcomeres in a trigger point hold their contraction, blood Michigans from fluxing to the country in demand. The ensuing oxygen lack every bit good as the accretion of the waste merchandises of metamorphosis exacerbates the trigger point. Therefore, the trigger point reacts to this crisis by directing out hurting signals ( 8 )Gun trigger Points vs. Tender Points:Since referred hurting is an of import feature of a trigger point, it is of import to distinguish between the two. ( 9 )Trigger PointsTender PointsLocal tenderness, tight set, local vellication response, leap mark Local tenderness There possibly remarkable or multiple points There are ever multiple points May occur in any skeletal musculus Occur in specific locations that are symmetrically located May do a particular referred hurting form Do non do referred hurting, but frequently cause a entire organic structure addition in hurting sensitiveness From the old tabular array, it is concluded that stamp points are associated with hurting at the site of tactual exploration merely, are non associated with referred hurting, and arise in the interpolation country of musculuss, non in tight sets in the musculus belly. Tender points occur in braces on different parts of the organic structure ensuing in equal distribution of hurting on equal sides of the organic structure. Tender points of fibromyalgia are present at nine bilateral musculus locations clarified as follows: ( 9 ) Low Cervical Region: at anterior facet of the interspaces between the transverse processes of C5-C7. Second Rib: at 2nd costochondral junctions. Occiput: at suboccipital musculus interpolations. Trapezius Muscle: at center of the upper boundary line. Supraspinatus Muscle: above the median boundary line of the scapular spinal column. Lateral Epicondyle: 2 centimeter distal to the sidelong epicondyle. Gluteal: at upper outer quarter-circle of the natess. Greater Trochanter: buttocks to the greater trochanteric prominence. Knee: at the median fat tablet proximal to the joint line. Figure5 -anterior and posterior position of stamp point ‘s locationsAppraisalThe single demands to be suitably assessed, In order for limitations and instabilities in the musculoskeletal system to be satisfactorily addressed, and perchance treated. Designation of the undermentioned factors is of import in a successful musculoskeletal appraisal ( 5 ) : Postural instabilities Forms of functional instability Forms of abuse Shortened musculuss Weakened musculuss Changes within musculuss and other soft tissues Joint limitation Functional instabilities ( for illustration: in respiration and pace )Palpation trials for Tender and Trigger Points:In the twelvemonth of 1992, a survey was carried out in order to prove the truth of tactual exploration for both stamp points and trigger points in myofascial tissues. Subjects from three groups were tested- some with fibromyalagia syndrome ( FMS ) , some complaing from myofascial hurting syndrome ( MPS ) and some with no hurting or any other symptoms. The FMS patients were easy identified as 38 % of the FMS patients were identified to hold trigger points. On the other manus, merely 23.4 % of the MPS patients were found as holding trigger points and of the normal topics, less than 2 % had any. Most of the MPS patients had stamp points in sites typically tested in FMS and would hold qualified for this diagnosing every bit good ( 5 ) . There are a figure of tactual exploration methods by ways of which trigger or stamp points can easy be identified. One simple effectual method is the usage of what is termed as ‘drag ‘ tactual exploration. A light transition of a individual figure, finger or pollex, across the tegument provokes a sense ‘drag ‘ , when the tegument has increased H2O content in comparing with its environing tegument. This increased hydrosis seems to demo a relationship with increased sympathetic activity, which accompanies a trigger point activity. In add-on, the tegument overlying a trigger point will expose reduced snap when mildly stretched apart, compared to the environing tegument. These countries are known as ‘hyperalgesic tegument zones ‘ and identifies a farther characteristic, which is a decreased extent of skin motion over the implicit in facia, tangible when originating a slide or ‘roll ‘ motion on the tegument. These three old features of skin alteration present effectual indexs as to underlying disfunction. Systematic attacks to the graphing of trigger point locations and their inactivation are provided by systems such as neuromuscular technique ( NMT ) , in which a methodical sequence of palpatory geographic expeditions are carried out, based on the trigger point ‘maps ‘ . In order to â€Å" run into and fit † tissue tenseness, it is indispensable to invariably vary tactual exploration force per unit area when trying to feel for trigger points at deepness, non merely utilizing skin marks. ( 5 ) Figure6- Trigger Point PalpationTrigger Point Locations:Gun trigger Points: Head and Neck Paraspinous Neck Muscles: refer hurting to occiput Upper Trapezius: refer hurting to make out and temporal brow Sternocleidomastoid: associated with Otalgia and perchance Vertigo Clavicle Muscular structure: referred hurting across brow and behind ear Sternal Muscular structure: referred hurting into occiput, cheek and periorbital Cervical paraspinous musculus: mention temporal-orbital hurting Peri-auricular musculuss: referred hurting to teeth and chew the fat Gun trigger Points: Shoulder, Thorax, and Arm Serratus Anterior Muscle: referred hurting to sidelong thorax and shoulder blade boundary line Pectoralis Major Muscle and Pectoralis Minor Muscle: referred hurting to breast and ulnar arm Levator scapulae Muscle: referred hurting to base of cervix Infraspinatus Muscle: referred hurting to shoulder articulation and down upper arm Supraspinatus Muscle: referred hurting to middle deltoid and cubitus Gun trigger Points: Back and Buttock Quadratus Lumborum Muscle: referred hurting to moo back Iliocostalis Muscle: referred hurting to lower quarter-circle of venters and to buttock Gluteus Maximus Muscle: referred hurting to sacrum and inferior cheek Gun trigger Points: Thigh, Leg and Foot Quadricepss Femoris ( anterior thigh quad musculuss ) Rectus femur referred to patella and distal thigh Vastus intermedius referred to upper thigh Vastus medialis referred to median articulatio genus ( 10 ) Bicepss Femoris: referred hurting to calf Gastrocnemius: referred hurting to calf and pes instep Soleus: referred hurting to list and to sacroiliac articulation ( 10 )Choice of Trigger Point TreatmentA successful intervention protocol should follow a sequence that begins with properly placing the trigger points, deactivating them, and if all trigger points have been resolved, stretching the constructions affected back to their normal scope of gesture and length. In the instance of musculuss, where most intervention takes topographic point, this involves stretching the musculus utilizing a assortment of inactive, active, active isolated ( AIS ) and muscle energy techniques ( MET ) , every bit good as positional release therapy ( PRT ) , strain/counterstrain ( SCS ) and integrated neuromuscular suppression technique ( INIT ) , along with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( PNF ) stretching to be effectual. Myofascial release should besides be used to handle fascia environing musculuss in order to stretch and decide strain forms ; otherwise musculuss will merely be returned to places where they are likely to re-activate trigger points. ( 11 ) The manual therapy intervention result is related to the degree of the healer ‘s accomplishment, that is if trigger points are pressed for a short period of clip, they may trip or stay active, and if pressed excessively long or hard, they may be irritated or the kneading force may be difficult plenty to do a muscular contusion. This bruising can last for a period of 1-3 yearss station intervention. Although patients may non truly be overexerting their musculuss, the application of the incorrect intervention methods can do symptoms of hurting similar to person who has been exerting for 24-72 hours. This is known as musculus febrility or delayed onset musculus tenderness ( DOMS ) . Pain can besides happen after a massage if the practician uses force per unit area on unnoticed latent or active trigger points, or is non competent in trigger point therapy ( 11 ) .Treatment MethodsA broad scope of intervention techniques have been recommended in handling trigger points, including rep ressive force per unit area methods ( Nimmo, Lief ) stylostixis, working utilizing ultrasound moving ridges ( Kleyhans and Aarons ) , chilling and stretching of the musculus where the trigger point lies ( Travell and Simons ) , certain injections ( Slocumb ) , active or inactive stretching ( Lewit ) , and even surgical intercession ( Dittrich ) . Clinical experience, confirmed by the thorough research of Travell and Simons, has indicated that while all or any of these techniques can successfully suppress trigger point activity impermanent, in order to wholly get rid of their noxious activity, more is frequently needed. Common sense every bit good as clinical experience provinces that the subsequent measure of rectification of such jobs related to trigger points should affect re-education or riddance of factors which contributed to the job ‘s patterned advance. This might every bit good affect ergonomic rating of the person ‘s work environment. Travell and Simons have bes ides made known that whatever original intervention is offered to suppress the neurological activity of the trigger point, the musculus in which it lies has to make its natural resting length after such intervention, otherwise the trigger point will quickly reactivate. In handling trigger points the technique of chilling the annoyed musculus harbouring the trigger while keeping it at stretch was adopted by Travell and Simons, while Lewit has advocated the Muscle Energy or mutual suppression technique prior to passive stretching. Although a sufficient grade of failure occurs, both techniques are normally successful, which calls for probe of more successful attacks ( 12 ) .8.2 INIT HypothesisClinical experience shows that by uniting the techniques of direct suppression, which is application of mild uninterrupted force per unit area in a brand and interruption form, along with the construct of strain/ counterstrain and MET, a specific intent can so be achieved ( 12 ) .Strain/Counterstr ain ( SCS ) constructJones has indicated that specific painful ‘points ‘ associating to a chronic or acute joint or muscular strain, can be used as ‘monitors ‘ , where force per unit area is being applied to them while the organic structure or organic structure portion is carefully positioned in such a manner as to cut down the hurting felt in the palpated country. When the place of relieve is reached in which pain disappears from the palpated monitoring country, the stressed tissues are felt to be at their most relaxed province, and clinical experience confirmed that this is so because they palpate as ‘easy ‘ instead than holding being tense. SCS is thought to achieve its benefits by ways of an automatic rearranging of musculus spindles, which help to order the length and tone in the tissues. It seems that this rearranging occurs merely when the musculus harbouring the spindle is at easiness and by and large consequences in a release of cramp and decrease in inordinate tone. ( 12 )INIT Method 1It would be rational to presume that were a trigger point being palpated by direct force per unit area, and were the underlying tissues in which the trigger point was housed to be gently positioned in such a manner as to cut down the hurting, that the most annoyed fibres in which the trigger point was lying would at that clip be in a place of alleviation or easiness. As a consequence there would be a trigger point under direct inhibitory force per unit area which had been positioned so that the underlying tissues were comparatively or wholly relaxed. ( 12 ) Refering the strain/counterstrain technique, the hurting free place is held for a period of clip between 30 to 90 seconds in order for the musculus spindles to reset themselves and let go of any cramp or contraction. ( 12 )8.5 Method 2Sing MET ; isolytic techniques use an bizarre isosmotic motion. The musculus concerned is actively contracted by the patient while a stretch is introduced at the same time, ensuing in the dislocation of hempen adhesions between the musculus and its constructions. In order to present this technique into trigger point therapy, after the application of repressive force per unit area and SCS release, the patient is asked to contract the musculuss around the feeling pollex or finger given that the contraction should non be a maximal force since the healer programs to gently stretch the tissues as the contraction is taking topographic point. This isosmotic bizarre attempt, intended to diminish contractions and interrupt down tissue adhesions, should take spec ifically at the tissues in which the trigger point being treated prevarications buried. After the isolytic stretch the tissues could profit from the application of hot and cold mode or effleurage massage in order to alleviate any local congestion ; nevertheless a patient is instructed to avoid any active usage of the country for a twenty-four hours or so. ( 12 ) Figure7 Figure8 Figure9 Figure7 illustrates the first phase of INIT in which a trigger point in the supraspinatus musculus is located and intermittently or persistently compressed. ( 5 ) Figure8 illustrates how the hurting is reduced from the trigger point by happening a place of relieve which is held for at least 20 seconds, after which an isometric contraction is attained sing the tissues which involve the trigger point. ( 5 ) Figure9 illustrates the measure after keeping the isometric contraction for an appropriate period of clip, during which the musculus harbouring the point of local soft tissue disfunction is stretched. This completes the INIT rhythm ( 5 ) .DecisionGun trigger points have been studied and shown to be the most frequent cause of musculoskeletal hurting. Trigger points cause the musculus to stay tight, weak, and stressed, which frequently consequences in hurting in nearby articulations. A alone component that differentiates trigger points from other muscular hurting is that trigger points about invariably refer hurting to other parts of the organic structure, which is why many interventions fail because most interventions assume that the country of hurting is besides the beginning of hurting, yet the existent cause could be in a wholly different topographic point. Trigger points limit motion of the musculuss and lessening circulation, striping the musculus of O and foods, ensuing in a agg regation of metabolic waste that can non be adequately filtered off. Furthermore, trigger points create shortened musculuss which lead to compression on nearby nervousnesss, therefore doing irregular esthesiss such as prickling and numbness. Trigger point therapy can diminish hurting, enhance motion, and let the musculuss to lengthen and go stronger by presenting a figure of methods, including force per unit area, stretching, working massage, and hot and cold modes. Applying force per unit area helps detain the annoying chemical rhythm, therefore alleviating hurting and contractions in the involved musculuss. Hot and cold modes can assist heighten the circulation and extinguish the metabolic waste merchandises. Stretching exercisings after trigger point release is besides shown effectual in maintaining the musculus in a elongated place ; by that, the force per unit area constituent of the hurting rhythm is diminished.

Bribe & Ethical

This study will discuss about the concept of organization’s social performance and economic performance. Economic performance deals with an organization’s main objective likes profit, revenue and cost while the social performance of an organization is their responsibilities to the society in relation to various ethical values in business. Ethical values are very important in a business. All ethical questions relate to what is right, just, and fair. â€Å"Terms like â€Å"professional ethics,† â€Å"work ethics,† and â€Å"business ethics† are misnomers.The principles we use in the workplace should be the same principles we use in other areas of our lives – they’re just applied to business situations. † In the present competitive world many organizations focus on their ultimate goal of profit maximization without any consideration of their means to achieving the goals. The impact of globalization creates a lot of opportunities in the business to transcend national boundaries. Many multinational companies have started their operations in other countries. In this backdrop where competition is quite tough, some organizations try to pay bribe for their business existence in the host country.â€Å"MNC bribery takes many forms: direct monetary payoffs to political officials, positions in the enterprise for officials, family members, friends and/or cronies, paid excursions, partnerships, invitations to prestigious universities and scholarships for their children, etc. † Each country has its own culture and moral values. These principles are highly dependant on that particular country’s economic and social situation. â€Å"The major problem of international business ethics is bribery. No single country allows businessmen to offer and government officials to accept bribes for deals.† Bribery is generally considered a reprehensible offence even in countries where it is alleged to be common. This study relates with BIM, a UK based IT consultancy, and its problem for meeting both the economical and social performance. BIM starts their operations in Nigerian city of Lagos. During the initial times their operation was not successful and they failed to meet their target. After an evaluation of the business environment of Lagos BIM’s sales team finds that payment of commission is very a common practice in that area for any business deals.BIM decides to follow the common practice of that area for meeting their target. On the other hand, BIM strictly follows ethical values in their business and their code of ethics would consider these commissions to be bribery and, therefore, not allowed. In this situation, the Branch Director finds himself in a dilemma as on one side he has to meet the goal of their branch, and on the other maintain the organization’s culture. Most of the ethical issues in management are apparently simple. â€Å"Many business managers said that the ir companies strictly uphold the principle against any form of bribery.They would choose to give up commercial contracts if they were asked to pay bribes or â€Å"kickbacks† to secure them. † There is a dichotomous, yes or no choice; which brings in conflict the organization’s economic benefit and their ethical values in business. Ethical decisions are not simple choices between right and wrong. In a case of bribery, it may affect the organization’s value and culture at the same time bribery can also create a bad precedent. â€Å"In developed countries, the moral expectations of the host country are as stringent as our own.With third world host countries, though the moral expectations often more lax, and multinationals are tempted to lower their standards when situations permit. † Bribery is a common practice in all of the third world countries; especially in bureaucracies most of these countries suffer acute problems of bribery in the areas of educ ation, health and other social welfare sector. Many multinational companies exploit these corrupted officials for their business purposes, selling off lesser quality products and violating the government rules and indulging in other unethical activities with the helps of these corrupted officials.†Market power is highly dependent on political relations with the state through a series of complex networks of ‘intermediaries’ who negotiate monetary and other payoffs in exchange for a range of highly profitable concessions. † In this type of business environment an organization can only meet its economical performance by promoting bribery but they will not be able to meet their social performance and they also risk neglecting the social responsibilities.In the context of BIM, the branch director has two options: the first is to pay the commission and make a good market for his product in that area; but this activity can be create a bad social situation. The seco nd option is to stick to the company’s tradition. The corrupted official can get more chances to earn money and they are ready to agree any types of products sales in that area. They are not bothered about the quality and benefit of product. Social responsibility of an organization is to provide quality product to customers and protect the market from illegal business practices. So the branch manager Mr.Thomas Harvey wants to follow his organization’s ethical codes against bribery and try to promote legal method of business promotion other wise he would have decided to pay commission and achieve a good business. It is not the part of BIM’s organization’s culture to pay bribe for business interests and it is not a suitable method for BIM’s long term business policy. Any other organization would be able to pay higher commission rather than BIM’s to penetrate the market. In this type of unethical business environment there is no stable growth, all business dealings would depend on the bribery and other illegal activities.BIM’s business practice is meeting both the economical and social performance their by maintaining their customers’ trust and loyalty in any where in the world with any type of business environment. So in this situation Mr. Thomas Harvey wants to give more priority to the social performance of his organization and therefore avoid unethical business practices. Works Cited What is business ethics? Scribbler’s Ink, copyright  © 2005, all rights reserved. http://www. scribblers-ink. com/business_ethics. html (accessed March 13, 2007).Petras, James. United States. Economic Empire Building: The Centrality of Corruption. http://www. socialistviewpoint. org/janfeb_07/janfeb_07_10. html (accessed March 13, 2007). Global Ethics in Global Economy. Editorial 15th Issue. Hong Kong Ethic Development Center. Ethics in Practice. http://www. icac. org. hk/hkedc/ethics/eip/edc005_e. htm (accessed Mar ch 13, 2007). Fieser, James. Business Ethics. Doing Business in Foreign Countries. http://www. utm. edu/staff/jfieser/vita/research/Busbook. htm (accessed March 13, 2007).

Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein

The concept of â€Å"Prometheus† within Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† Index Introduction – 3 Greek Promethean myth – 4 The Modern Prometheus – 5 Conclusion – 7 Bibliography – 8 Introduction In this short work, it will be made an explanation about what is the Greek Promethean myth and the message behind this myth. It will also be made a comparison between this message and the subjacent theme of the â€Å"Modern Prometheus† in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†.Looking at the main character of Mary Shelley’s novel, it will also be important to describe in what way, and according to the Greek Promethean myth, Victor Frankenstein is the â€Å"Modern Prometheus† as referred in the title of the book. Greek Promethean myth The Promethean myth first appeared in the late 8th-century BC Greek epic poet Hesiod's Theogony. He was a son of the Titan Iapetus, one of the Oceanids (keepers of the water). In Greek mythology, Prometheus is a Titan whose name meant â€Å"forethought†, and indeed, he was said to have the ability to look into the future.Prometheus was the creator of mankind. The goddess Athene taught him architecture, astronomy, mathematics, navigation, medicine, and metallurgy, and he in turn taught them to humans. Zeus, the chief of the Greek gods, became angry at Prometheus for making people powerful by teaching them all these useful skills. He is the younger brother of Atlas, who was banished to Tartarus during the Titanomachy. Prometheus, however, sided with the gods in the war, having foreseen their victory. Helios and Epimetheus also chose to defect.In doing so, Prometheus also tried to persuade his brother Atlas and their father Iapetus to side with the Olympians, but both of them ignored his attempts. After the Great War, Prometheus fashioned man from clay and helped them, even to the point of severely angering Zeus and, when the gods chose Prometheus as arbiter in a dispute, he fooled the gullible Zeus into picking the worst parts of the sacrificial bull by hiding them under a rich layer of fat. To punish Prometheus, Zeus withheld fire from men. â€Å"Let them eat their flesh raw,† he declared.In response, Prometheus, snuck up to Mount Olympus, lit a torch from the sun, and hid a burning piece of charcoal in a hollow stalk. He slipped away with it and thus delivered fire to mankind. As punishment however, Zeus then chained him to a mountain for an Eagle to peck out his liver only to have it regenerated through the night. Heracles eventually killed the eagle and freed Prometheus, which Zeus allowed as he deemed Prometheus' suffering sufficient. Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is Mary Shelley’s novel subtitle (though some modern publishings of the work now drop the subtitle, mentioning it only in an introduction).The term â€Å"Modern Prometheus† was actually coined by Immanuel Kant, referring to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity (this having to do with the way the creature was brought to life). As mentioned before, Prometheus was the Titan who created mankind, a task given to him by Zeus. He was to create a being with clay and water in the image of the gods. Prometheus taught man to hunt, read, and heal their sick, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor-quality offerings from humans, Zeus kept fire from mankind. Prometheus took back the fire from Zeus to give to man.When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. He was intended to suffer alone for all of eternity, but eventually Heracles (Hercules) released him. The way Prometheus makes man from clay and water is a relevant theme to Frankenstein, as Victor rebels against the laws of nature (how life is naturally made) and as a result is punished by his creation.The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein. Victor's work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans. According to the original myth, fire was the one thing that man was not supposed to have because it belonged solely to the Gods, so when Prometheus stole fire for man, it meant that man was trespassing on immortal territory and man suffered because of Prometheus's gift. While Prometheus had his liver eaten every day, Victor didn’t have an organ ripped violently from his lower torso.But he did suffer a similar form of prolonged torture: all his loved ones being singled out and killed. He was not punished for stealing fire, but he was punished for trespassing on immortal territory by playing God. Also, fire is associated with goodness and knowledge. Fire is symbolic of human progress as well as the dangers of human invention, or possibly the dangers of natu re as opposed to humans, and Victor’s creature is paralleled to fire in the Greek Myth: the creature could be good or bad, depending on how much care you take in approaching it. And in Victor’s case, that would be no care at all.While fire is good and useful, bringing warmth and the ability to cook, it can also be a weapon, a massively destructive force, if not properly controlled. The monster is the same. He had so much potential for good. He desired to be good, gentle, kind, and loving, but at every turn he was denied. Because of this he became a destructive force bent on the ruin of his maker. Victor Frankenstein is plagued by his creation. He is hunted, haunted, and tormented. The rest of his life becomes a game, a chase between creator and created. Much like Prometheus, Frankenstein suffers greatly for the good he tried to do. However, there are differences.Fire is an unthinking, unfeeling thing. It need not be taught. It does not require love. Fire did not requir e anything from Prometheus. The monster, on the other hand, was a being of great depth and feeling. He was capable of growth and good, but his master neglected and abandoned him. Frankenstein should not have abandoned the thing he created. He should have faced what he had done and given it a chance at a better life. There is also an other interpretation for this, perhaps a more plain one. In more recent science fiction, the Promethean myth is applied in the following way: mankind receives technology that is beyond their understanding.For instance, in the TV show â€Å"Stargate†, the first human interstellar ship is called â€Å"Prometheus† and it is build with the help of an alien race. This concept can also be applied to the work of Mary Shelley, explaining that men do require time and study to understand things as they truly are. The creature was not bad. It was made bad by men surrounding it. So, it can be said that both Prometheus and Frankenstein successfully crea ted human life and faced results not in line with their expectations. In an attempt to help their creations, both Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein caused more damage and disorder.This eventually led to the harm of both, either through death or eternal torture. Conclusion As we could see, there are many similarities between the stories of Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein. Both tried to do â€Å"bend† the rules, in order to achieve something they believed would be beneficial. But in the end, they both caused more harm than good. Bibliography Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Ed. Susan J. Wolfson. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007 Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, Moyer Bell Ltd. , 1955. Mellor, Anne K.Mary Shelley: Her Life, her Fiction, Her Monsters. London: Routledge, 1990 Why is Frankenstein subtitled The Modern Prometheus? , available in http://www. angelfire. com/anime5/frank/Prometheus. html Frankenstein as Prometheus, available in http://cmaree. hu bpages. com/hub/Frankenstein-as-Prometheus Analysis on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, available in http://www. articlemyriad. com/analysis-frankenstein-mary-shelley Who was Prometheus? , available in http://www. enotes. com/frankenstein/q-and-a/frankenstein-who-was-prometheus-262555

Characteristics of the Green Roof and How It Reduces Energy Cost Assignment

Characteristics of the Green Roof and How It Reduces Energy Cost - Assignment Example This layer of materials accommodates water and contains nutrients for the green roof plants. Another characteristic feature of the green roof is its potential to emulate a real garden. This feature allows the roofing system to be used as an economic and social resource. It makes an economic contribution from its potential as a garden and social impacts from its capacity to be used for recreation purposes. In its application, the green roof shelters dwellers of a building in the same way as the traditional roofing works but doubles as natural vegetation (Voelz and Loux, p. 2). Based on its features, the green roof plays significant economic roles. The agricultural aspect, for instance, generates food resources among other materials. The system particularly plays a significant economic role in regulating expenditure in energy costs. Since it is a poor heat conductor, the green roof is able to maintain a favorable room temperature irrespective of the environment. It subsequently saves the amount of money that could be used in warming houses during cold seasons and cooling houses during hot seasons. The technology is however not yet popular among people and has therefore not been appreciated (Voelz and Loux, p. 4, 5). EPA regulations, for EPA buildings, are associated with a number of efficiencies to the environment. Examples of the efficiencies include â€Å"water efficiency, waste reduction, toxics reduction, and indoor air quality† (Epa, p. 1). Departments in the Environmental Protection Agency with the aim of ensuring safety and improving environmental conditions run these efficiency programs. The water efficiency program facilitates manufacture and distribution of water facilities and water services to the public. As a result, water efficiency provides for quality in water supply and services to promote healthy living standards among the public. Waste reduction efficiency, on the other hand, protects the environment from pollution.

Set of Codes and Ethics in the Profession Assignment

Set of Codes and Ethics in the Profession - Assignment Example There is also a notion that ethics evolve over time with respect to the problems that professionals face and with the establishment of ethics there is a promotion of confidence in the profession. In its Code of Ethics the American College of Nurse-Midwives it is states that â€Å"midwives support and maintain the integrity of the profession of midwifery and thus contribute to a profession worthy of being considered by society as a public good† (Midwife). Ethics can also help to solve any price stated ethical or moral dilemma that one might face (Husted and Husted, 2008). As a professional in the field of midwifery there have been moments where there is a certain ethical/legal situation that one comes across and does not know how to deal with (Frith and Draper, 2004). At times patients divulge certain facts about their lives and health that, they wish others not to know and expect that they be kept a secret from others. Such facts may well be of such a nature that it becomes di fficult not to discuss them with others for the fear of the safety of the patient. A situation similar to what I was confronted with when a 28 year old Russian woman in her twelfth week of pregnancy came for her booking appointment. A registered midwife was supervising the booking which I was doing at that particular time. was Once the booking had begun the midwife told me that she had to step out of the room for some time and told me to carry on with my work. Once the midwife had left the room the woman who had come in started to disclose to me that she was a victim of domestic abuse at the hands of the man who was now her ex. The woman had told me this information in confidence and requested that I keep it as such and not tell anyone else what she had told me, especially not the midwife. She even requested that I not make a note of it anywhere in the documents. I tried to make her understand that though I would keep the conversation between us a secret, I still needed to inform my superior of the facts upon which she begged me not to. I was in the process of asking her questions about whether she felt safe when the midwife returned to the room and the conversation ceased and I resumed the booking. During the time the woman remained in the room I said nothing to the midwife about the disclosure of domestic violence that the woman had made. Once the woman took her leave I told the midwife what the woman had told me upon which she said to leave the matter the way it was for now. I had concerns about the situation the woman was in and it seemed to me that there should have been a referral and support given to her. I was trying to support the woman into getting herself some support and perhaps break free from the violence that she was in. by telling my supervising midwife I was hoping that something would be done to help the situation the young woman was living in or she would be shown other routes that would help her cause. Nothing was done for her who made it d ifficult for me as I had thought otherwise. It is not clear what the consequences of the decision to sit by and do nothing were that day but they may not have been well received.  

Artillery used by the NORTH During the Civil War (Gettysburg) Research Paper

Artillery used by the NORTH During the Civil War (Gettysburg) - Research Paper Example The general classification of Artillery was based on caliber and weight. The other factors considered include mobility, as well as the carriage form or mounting. Notably, "Field" artillery was regarded ordnance light, as well as mobile to help in maneuvering during battle. Numerous larger guns used by the North and South were locked permanently in fortifications. The defense in Washington alone had 98 mortars and 807 guns. Many of such fortification guns were never used in attacking the enemy via the entire war. Regarding the Northern armies, they were uniformly equipped with the 12-pounder Napoleon, 10- pounder, or 3-inch rifle parrots. Although the Northern were armed, their artillery batteries usually had a number of non-standard guns, and all every gun called for different ammunitions. The North had many advantages compared to the South in acquiring small arms. The advantages were the resultant of the fact that the Confederacy entirely relied on the smuggled imports following the advanced naval blockade. The North thus accessed different models from England and France as the Confederate army imported them. According to Allen, in the article Artillery, the organization of Artillery fell into two categories, the union and confederate. Batteries for the union artillery were often constituted of six guns used in three, sections, involving two guns. There were three sections; right, middle, and right sections. Battery for Confederate constituted of four guns. The four guns were of different types, and therefore, supply for the Confederate ammunition to artillery batteries became very difficult to implement. Each Confederate composed of almost sixty-eight men. A Field Artillery battery incorporated six guns at full strength. All guns were linked to a limber being pulled by horses; a caisson was also used to offer more support. There were two chests

Dax's biography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dax's biography - Research Paper Example She believed that the treatments were going well even if her son did not believe these treatments to be effective (Burns, 2005). More importantly, Ada believed that God wanted her son to live and to fulfill his responsibilities to Him. And she clung to the belief that if God really wanted his son to die then he would have let him die. In the meantime, all efforts to keep him alive must be done, even if these methods were against Dax’s will and even if these methods caused him considerable pain and suffering (Burns, 2005). In understanding Ada’s position, the normative ethics is the most appropriate theory which can be used. Normative ethics â€Å"is devoted to identifying the conditions under which actions are morally right, or motives and intentions are morally good† (Shafer-Landau and Cuneo, 2007, p. 1). It is concerned with a person’s actions being morally right and good. In the case of Ada, she believed that it was morally right and proper to keep Dax alive for him to fulfill his duties to God. Normative ethics is focused on identifying the conditions where actions are deemed right, and motives are deemed wrong (Shafer-Landau and Cuneo, 2007).... The teleological theory can be used in order to justify Houston’s actions. Teleological is derived from the Greek word â€Å"telos† which means â€Å"ends† (Wittjen, 2003). This theory considers, more than anything else, the end goals of certain actions, or in some instances, the consequences of one’s actions. For Houston, his actions can be supported by this theory in the sense that his actions support the ends he wanted to achieve. He wanted to keep Dax alive because Dax would stand to gain in the end. The ends he wanted to seek, therefore justifies his actions of wanting to keep Dax alive. C. Dr. Charles Baxter Dr. Baxter believed initially that Dax’s request to die was due to his feelings of severe pain and shock. He believed that Dax lacked the mental capacity to make the right decision about his care. In considering the entire situation, Dr. Baxter believed that Dax’s actions were just related to his attempts to control his environment and therefore it was his job to provide medical care to the best of his duty (Burns, 2005). Dr. Baxter’s actions can be supported by the deontological theory. Deontology is based on the word â€Å"deonto† which means â€Å"duty† in Greek (Wittjen, 2003). This theory is based on a person’s duties and responsibilities and how people should act based on such duties and responsibilities. In this case, actions are based on these duties and these duties shall guide and designate whether or not a person is acting based on such duties (Wittjen, 2003). In the case of Dr. Baxter, his actions are based on his duties and responsibilities. His duty and responsibility is to provide medical care to Dax because he believed that Dax was not thinking logically. He felt

The Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Analysis Paper - Essay Example The writers offer some proposals for reforms and examples of Universities that have attained quality and efficiency in their learning, teaching and research missions. The main purpose of the essay is to highlight the high cost of higher education, the decline in education standards and propose ways of attaining quality education among American institutions of higher education. The main ideas are cost, quality, and efficiency of education among colleges in the society. The first paper of the essay highlights the increasing cost of education, the proposals that will reform the college system and finally examples of Universities that have excelled in their mission. Thesis: colleges are worth the price of admission. First, I disagree with Hacker and Dreifus that the costs of college tuition have increased over the generation. The writers have ignored the economic developments witnessed by the country over the past few years. In this case, the authors do not factor the drastic rise in inf lation and increase in money supply in the economy. Accordingly, the authors compare the costs of tuition with mortgage repayments, but fail to factor the high economic hardships experienced by institutions in securing alternative sources of funding due to economic meltdown and financial crisis (Hacker and Dreifus, p 180). I also disagree with Hacker and Dreifus that ‘higher education has lost track and its enduring purpose’. I agree with the authors that colleges must persuade students to be more engaged and attentive. In this way, Professors must be capable of challenging young minds in solving societal problems. It is true that employers have for long complained of poor graduate skills, despite the high costs that such students incur while pursuing university degrees. However, I believe the writers have conducted their research on few institutions and ignored the fact that each institution of higher learning has its unique qualities. Generally, it would be wrong to c onclude that higher education has lost its enduring purpose (Hacker and Dreifus, p 188). I also agree with Hacker and Dreifus that universal enrolment should be a nations’ goal. All students must be granted equal opportunities of access through implementing different courses that cater for unique learning needs of each aspiring students. For instance, universities must blend both arts and sciences in their curriculum in order to tap the unique talents of aspiring students. According to me, techno-teaching is a noble idea that will provide students with more visual and interactive learning experience. It is true the current advancement in information communication technologies can foster the learning outcomes and experiences in colleges and universities through providing visual aids to learners and establishing interactive online platforms for student discussions (Hacker and Dreifus 182). Hacker and Dreifus claims that too many benefactors donate to Universities that are alrea dy over funded (p 183). However, I believe that benefactors have their right to donate to their past institutions or universities where in their view perceive the universities offer quality education to the students. In this case, the

What are the essential aspects of melodrama Essay

What are the essential aspects of melodrama - Essay Example Melodrama could be part of a play, a film, or a book. Today it is employed effectively in television serials also. It could take the form of a tragedy, a comedy, a romance or adventure. Melodrama has been used since the early nineteenth century. According to George Rowell, (1968), pp 450-451, who had reviewed the book: The World of Melodrama by Frank Rahill, the account has the merits of a wide range and considerable detail. Manifestations of melodrama on both sides of the Atlantic are covered, and Rahill’s careful handling of the French form is notable. Melodrama was long dismissed by literary critics as good theatre but bad drama. Melodrama was more to do with quantity than quality, and appealed more to the eye than the mind. One of the chief merits of melodrama was the vitality that it possessed. Films: During the last forty years, Douglas Sirk and his family melodramas have achieved an almost legendary status in film studies. Sirk’s work has been critically acclaimed since the 1950’s and he is universally defined as the subversive master of melodrama. Some of his works are: Magnificent Obsession (1954), Written on the Wind (1957), and Imitation of Life (1959). He was dedicated to critiquing the bourgeoise. The sophisticated family melodramas of Sirk and others realized the genre’s historical capability to act as a revolutionary form during times of cultural struggle. Sirk demonstrated how melodrama often considered a trivial genre, could achieve the status of a serious artistic and cultural form. (Barbara Klinger, 1994, pp.xi-xii). The relationship between melodrama and the prevailing ideology, culture and history can be noted. Critics have continually interpreted individual films as responses to times of national and social crises; from the moral dilemmas of post-revolutionary France to the class conflicts and forbidding sexual mores of the Victorian era,

What is Covenant in the Old Testament sense Research Paper

What is Covenant in the Old Testament sense - Research Paper Example These include Abraham, Noah and Adam among many others. A covenant formed an important component of the biblical history and modern day theology. The flow of the biblical covenants includes (Mason 177): First of all, God made a covenant with His Son regarding the elect before the creation of the universe and consisted of the Father promising to bring to His Son all the people the Father had given Him (John 17: 9-24 ; 6:39). Manifestation of the covenant occurred in the world through the sequence of additional covenants between God and individuals. These include Adam (Gen 2: 15-17), Abraham (Gen 17), Noah (Gen 9:12-16), Mt Sinai covenant with Israelites (Ex 34:28), David (Sam 7:12-16) and New covenant believers (Jer 31:31-37). All the additional covenants involved the ‘Covenant of Grace’ when God establishes covenants with His elect with the promise of salvation through Faith in Jesus Christ (Mason 178). According to some theologians, there is only one covenant referred as the covenant of redemption within which all other covenants originate. This involved the agreement between the Father and the Son that gave the Son as Redeemer and head of the elect. As a result, the Son took the place assigned by the Father voluntarily. This formed a twofold assurance of Son as a guarantee and surety to fulfil the requirements of God’s laws. ... Covenant in Hebrew depicted the development of God’s covenant ranging from the time of creation to the time of the new covenant. In Arabic, covenant involved the contract binding humanity and God. The concept of covenant provides a distinctive and unique fellowship with God. This fellowship depends on legal covenant, and this implies the existence of dependable and stable element in Old Testament religion (McAleese 237). Concepts of Covenant Faith inspiring Fellowship The covenant concept gave the Old Testament people a mighty anchor for their faith. This allowed them a vantage ground with their God where God remained obligated to them through the covenant. He remained to be their God, and they become His people. For instance, this covenant background enabled Jacob cling to the angel until He blessed him. This covenant required people turn away from their sins after which they could claim God’s favour (Wood 133). Exclusive Fellowship The covenant established exclusive f ellowship between Hebrews and God. Hebrews remained as His chosen people, and He remained Yahweh their God. The covenantal idea formed a background for the Jewish religion, and it demanded exclusive loyalty to preclude the possibility of multiple loyalties in other religions. The illustration of loyalty to God took place through marriages, where Hosea, Ezekiel, and Jeremiah charged Israelites against adultery. The expression of God as being their God and them being His people comprised of the legal formula taken from marriage sphere and attested through legal documents from Ancient Near east (Hosea 2:4). This explains why prophets such as Isaiah frowned on alliance made by Israelites with their neighbours (Wood 133). Douglas Stuart Guidelines on Old Testament

Drug test Essay Example for Free

Drug test Essay Case Study Analysis Paper COMM/215 Oct 20, 2014 Winifred Donnelly ? Case Study Analysis Paper In the case study, Carl is a new recruiter for ABC Inc. Upon being assigned to his position, he beat expectations by successfully hiring several new people despite his lack of time on the job. Because of this, he probably feels a lot of pressure to succeed and continue to perform better than his previous efforts at all times. He has made a number of mistakes in the case study and is at a loss as to what he should do next. Specifically, well look at the mistakes Carl made, what he should. have done in the first place, and the options he has available to him now to correct the mistakes hes made. First of all, Carl started off wrong by assuring Monica that everything would be taken care of in time and leaving it at that. There is quite a bit involved with making sure each hire has their applications and resumes filled out and submitted correctly. Additionally, drug screening is something that has to be done at an approved facility for your company or corporation since there are potential legal issues if the urinalysis tests are done at your place of business. Even hospitals  send their employees urinalysis bottles to other medical facilities to have them checked rather than doing the drug screening at their own facility though there are companies that are offering on-site drug testing (OHS Health and Safety Services, Inc. , 2014). Physicals are also a potential headache to schedule for even one person, let alone a group of people. Rarely does it ever seem that a doctor isnt busy doing something. People are constantly getting sick, injured or dying and its the doctors duty to help them even if that means making their death less painful for them. Trying to get a doctor  to conduct a physical isnt necessarily difficult, one just needs to schedule the appointment a month or two in advance which Carl did not do. As for the booklets, pamphlets, and manuals, Carl should have looked into getting those right away instead of blowing it off. This particular problem isnt quite as dire as the drug screening or the physical, but it will take anywhere from a few days to a week or more to get all the literature he is going to need for the new hires. Finally, he should have de- conflicted the training classroom schedule with the other departments in the company. In any  organization, there is a need for some kind of classroom environment that is conducive to learning but it doesnt do you any good if someone else is using the classroom when you need it. With this in mind, there was a schedule on the wall that Carl checked when he went to the classroom that projected out for at least a month or two. Carl waited too long to get his reservation placed in the calendar because Joe has the room for the rest of the month or more. Carl was off to a good start despite all the issues found with how he has handled the situation so far. Carl established himself as a quick learner and hard worker by making successful hires so quickly into his job time as a recruiter. Some people would say that the job is mostly natural skill because it only involves talking to people, but there is much more to it than that. Obviously, otherwise Carl would not have found himself in the mess he is in now. On top of talking with potential hires about the company, what they are all about, what they are looking for, and how the potential hire could fit into the job, they have to seal the deal by ensuring the hire meets all the companys qualifications too. If the potential hire isnt capable of meeting the basic company standards of education, behavior, attitude, ethics, etc. then they likely will not be a productive member of the workforce and its the recruiters job to find those things out on his/her own or go about making sure the potential hire gets to the right organization that can find that out. Upon receiving the phone call from Monica, Carl should have pulled out a pad of paper, his scheduling calendar, and a writing utensil and made notes during his conversation with Monica. He should have found out exactly what she wanted to happen and give her immediate feedback with his own ideas and timelines related to how long it would take to accomplish a certain task or the timeframe he would need to get an individual hire ready to start working. Once they had both come to an agreement on the plan they would use to get the hires ready to become employees, they could have both hung up the phone with a positive feeling of accomplishment and understanding. Carl should have started going about accomplishing said plan as soon as he hung up with Monica. The first things to be scheduled should be the things that are the most difficult to schedule the physical and drug screening. With those two things out of the way and taken care of, Carl should make sure he brings in and talks to face to face at least three hires a day to go over 1 / 2 their applications and resumes to make sure they are complete and filled out correctly. As an added bonus, if Monica had a particular format she desires on a resume, when Carl brings in the hires he can help them re-write their resumes so they meet Monicas desired format. Once the appointments have been scheduled and before individual meetings with the hires take place, classroom space should be reserved for the orientation. If the situation still plays out the way it is currently then Carl will have to find someplace else to conduct the orientation unless he can work out a deal with Joe. Depending on how long Carl will need the classroom, perhaps he can slip in, conduct orientation, and slip right back out while Joes class is on lunch or out at another site doing on-the-job-training (OJT). Finally, the literature should be compiled between meeting each hire and helping them with their paperwork. If need be, Carl can request more literature from whichever department of the company issues those documents, he can order them himself from their distributer, or have an assistant take them down to a place like Kinkos and get copies made. With the situation being what it is for Carl now, he still has several options open to him if he could get himself in a state of mind to recognize them. The drug screening and the physicals are going to give him the hardest time so he  should try to get them taken care of first. If hes able to schedule his hires before the orientation date then he is good, but if not he should go ahead and schedule them when he can and adjust based on that. The problems hes facing with the paperwork can be handled fairly easily by getting one good copy of each pamphlet, manual, etc. and get copies made or requisition more from the department in charge of stocking those supplies. They may not be happy being asked to cough up a whole mess of literature on short notice, but that is part of their job and he should do something to make it  up to them in the future. It is important to be on good terms with the folks who are in charge of supplies, especially from a military standpoint. As far as finding classroom space, Carl should approach Joe with his problem and see if he can fit his class in before or after one of Joes classes. If not, Carl should look into booking a conference room similar to the ones most hotels have for rent or like some restaurants have where the room is closed off from the rest of the dining floor. Either way, Carl has options in that regard as well. Additionally, and here is the hard part, Carl is most likely going to have to let Monica know that her new hires might not be ready in the timeframe they previously agreed upon. Due to his inexperience and lack of time on the job, this should not be a career-ender for Carl but it isnt going to make Monica happy with him. If Carl is able to still get everything in order in time to conduct the orientation on the date he agreed to with Monica, then everything is good. Carl is in a tough position, but hes not out of the fight yet. Carl made some  mistakes, mostly due to inexperience or perhaps he became cocky after doing so well on his previous recruiting scenario. In order to get back on his feet and save face, Carl has several different routes he can take to get his mission accomplished. Ultimately, Carl should do his best to right his wrong, get his mission accomplished, learn from his mistakes and press on. References University of Phoenix. (2014) Week Two supplement, Case Study for Student Analysis. Electronically retrieved October 19, 2014 from University of Phoenix, Week Two, Resource. COMM215 Essential of College Writing OHS Health and Safety Services, Inc.. (2014). On-site drug testing services versus clinic services. Retrieved from http//www. ohsinc. com/on_site_drug_testing_onsite_drug_test_specimen_collection_CH ART. htm PAGE 6 PAGE MERGEFORMAT 1 Y, dXiJ(x(? I_TS? 1EZBmU/xYy5g/GMGeD3Vqq8K)fw9 xrxwrTZaGy8IjbRcXI u3KGnD1NIBs RuKV. ELM2fi? 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Hostile Essay Example for Free

Hostile Essay Hostile take overs are when one company attempts to take over a company that doesn’t wished to be taken over, this is usually done by either the acquiring company attempting to buy out stakeholders or influence the management, or change, to get the deal approved. This can cause many problems for the business, such as contrasting cultures in the business which could lead to an unsuccessful business with multiple goals and the two companies could be heading in opposite directions. Also by acquiring the business in this way there could be potential problems in the structure of the business, such as when Vodafone took over many companies and couldn’t successfully integrate the companies into one solid structure. When Kraft decided to take over Cadburys by acquiring over 75% of the shares, by which in UK law enables them to delist the shares off the Stock market. This was widely rejected by employees who wanted to remain under the name of Cadburys as they felt that they could lose their jobs, this was shown to take this direction in 2011 when they closed the original factory although they had said they weren’t to do this. They were also found to break many promises that they had made before the deal was finalised, however due to the size and success of both companies they managed to have continued success after the takeover. However a Hostile takeover is unlikely to be successful because of key board members may be worried about their position should the company be acquired, they use many different methods to prevent the takeover. This is certainly one key reason that takeovers are likely to fail; one method they use is the Poison pill. This is when the board of directors sell more shares should one party gain too many shares, therefore devaluing the shares bought by the company trying to take over the over company. This was the case when Carl Icahn attempted to take over Netflix but the board of directors felt that this wasn’t for them and stated that should he buy more than 10% of stock they would float more stock to the market, he currently owns 9. 75%. This would then cause the takeover bid to be much more expensive for the party attempting to do so and would hopefully put them off the idea of trying to gain complete control of the company. Another method used by companies to prevent hostile takeover is the Golden Parachute, this is when should the CEO lose his job due to takeover, there would have to be a large pay out, sometimes millions of pounds, hopefully to deter a hostile takeover, this was the case in the appointment of Charles C.  Tillinghast Jr. to TWA. To conclude I think that to some extent it’s true that hostile takeovers are prevented by key stake holders as they have the ability to vote on matters that can prevent the takeover, such as the board members, they can choose members who are likely to refuse any takeover, although should a lucrative deal be offered they have a large influence on the takeover. However I think that the board of directors can, although not always, have much more influence on the potential hostile takeover, for example through the use of a poison pill it can effectively increase its businesses worth by offering shares at a lower price and increasing the cost for the acquiring company.

Problem of food shortage

Problem of food shortage Evaluation of agricultural strategies against food crisis One of the major problems in recent years which is really controversial among countries in the world is the problem of facing food shortage especially in developing countries. This problem is due to some main reasons: high food prices, scarcity of food. These reasons which are mentioned have some serious effects on people health and life. For example different kinds of diseases or malnutrition are really significant because of lack of food. Generally governors name this critical situation food crisis. Different countries after some discussions decided to find a practical and real solution to rescue their people. There are some common strategies such as money charity, food aid, using new technologies in agriculture or usage of Genetically modified food which is a new technology which can cause producing better and more food. In this essay we are discussing about agricultural solutions related to the problem of food crisis and the evaluation of this method in some developing countries. Agricultural improvement has some parts to discuss, for instance irrigation methods and using fertilizers technology, but we are focusing on the effect of fertilizers. ( George Charles Lowrison, 1989) In general Fertilizers are compounds which are giving to plants to improve their growth and crops quality. Some of them can be absorbed by the root of the plants and the others can be sprayed. These components can be divided in two main groups organic and chemical (Inorganic) compounds. For instance the manure of animals is the good examples of organic fertilizers and Nitrogen, Phosphorus or Potassium compounds are inorganic chemicals. Some of them are soluble and some of them are insoluble. Most fertilizers which are soluble in water can be solved in soil water and absorb by the root of the plant. In this process fertilizer is not the only factor for growth, the plant needs sunlight, water, soil and different gases from the earth to start a process that Biologist name it growth and because of that the plant will grow. Growth is a general word but, scientist defines growth as a multiplication and also increasing the plant cell size. (Lagried, Bockman andKaarstad, 1999) During the last two decades some countries face some natural disasters such as drought, flood or sudden climate change which are causing many problems in agriculture area. Because of climate change some crops which needed specific situation to grow could not grow, therefore a huge decrease in the amount of crops were seen. And also flood due to climate change caused destroying many farms which were under cultivation. Due to this problems it can be seen a significant food shortage. As a result some governments decided to find new strategies in terms of agriculture. The agriculture improvement has its own categories in response of food crisis. Different arguments have been presented in the recent years. Using fertilizers and methods of irrigation or preserving soil from erosion are some main methods. Gary Toenniessen, director of food security at the Rockefeller Foundation believes that using fertilizer can affect the amount of nutrients in soil, therefore the amount of crops will incr ease significantly especially in dry regions.(Gray Toennessen,Accessed date: Dec 2009) The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements released a report and argued against chemical fertilizers on the grounds that they can have bad effect on ecological cycles and creating a dependence on chemicals.. Agricultural experts and many policy makers had an argument about using fertilizers and its effect on the amount of food. Based on their arguments they believe that using fertilizers in African countries will decrease famine among them. According to Bill Doyle, the CEO of Saskatchewan-based Potash Corp, using fertilizers for increasing yields against food crisis could be really useful. He emphasized that using the combination of three main fertilizers which are potassium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus can boost the crop yield by as much as 60%. Because of preventing people from famine the world can not feed hungry people without the application of fertilizers in their farms. He be lieves the world must increase the speed of using these substances to feed about eighty million people around the world. Although overuse of fertilizers has some environmental damages. For instance some serious problems will occur in ground water and it will pollute the rivers. The other effects which the fertilizer can have are in decreasing the soil water therefore it causes scarcity of water to irrigate the farms. (Doyle, 2009). Dr Norman Borlaug who is an agriculturalist and the winner of Nobel Pease prize has some ideas about using fertilizers in the recent years. As far as doctor Norman Borlaug concerned hunger often go hand-in-hand. He thinks one of the sufficient compounds which is really important against this crisis is fertilizer. It can have a dramatic increase in the amount of crops. In each year the world population grows by eighty million, therefore the number of consumers will increase. As a result these people need food and crops to live individually. Currently the u sage of grains is really low. In the last decade the usage of seeds has grown among people and its not really easy to provide enough food for people.Dr Norman ((If the farmers stopped growing food today, we would only have enough grains in the worlds storage bins to feed the worlds population for 58 days)). (Dr Norman, 2008) The arguments of this expert person shows feeding 6.6 billion people are really hard and it seems a good idea to use these chemicals. In recent years fertilizers are responsible for between forty and sixty percent of food production. These substances improve our soils in each harvest and it causes a kind of promotion in quality and quantity of food. Because of using the elements in the soil the amount of necessary compounds in the soil will decrease each year, therefore fertilizers are supplying the sufficient nutrients in soil to increase the amount and quality of the crops. Based on research in United Nation Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) agricultural products will be sixty percent higher in the year 2030 in comparison to the current year. The agricultural data over the past fifty years shows that the total world grain production such as corn,oats,wheat and rice increase 0.905 billion metric tons in the year 1965 to 2.091 billion metric tons in 2007. This dramatic increase in world grain production is because of 122 percent increase in crop yield. One of the countries that have a project against its food crisis is Kenya. It is situated in east Africa and situated near Indian ocean. This country is the forty seventh largest country in the world with the population of about 38 million people. (Source: World Bank).Unfortunately this country face many problems in the recent years, but one of the major problems is the food shortage. Many projects have been started against this problem; however researching about agricultural strategies is really significant. One of the projects which was started in January 2003 and still is on going is fertilizers supply as a cure for famine. The agriculturalist in this country use a kind of chemical fertilizers namely Mavuno.. A period of five year drought cause a serious famine for decades. members of cooperating farmer groups in Trans-Nzioia district have increased their maize yields from 8 to 22 bags per acre. In Embu and Kirinyaga districts, farmers harvested more yields it reached from 5 to 20 bags per acre. Approximately 10 bags on average are required to achieve household food security. This project has illustrated that demand for new improved fertilizers the provision of small bags of fertilizers and seeds enabled even the poorest farmers to achieve incremental gains in food and income over a few seasons. Many farmers purchasing 1kg bags quickly graduate to larger amounts. As a result fertilizer supply in this country would be really useful against food crisis. One of the developing countries in Africa continent is Ethiopia. This country is situated in northwest of Africa with the population of 78 million. The staple food in Ethiopia are oil seeds and cereals. People are suffering from famine and there is no proportion between the food demand and supply. Consequently these people are suffering from malnutrition and many diseases. In the year 2002 environmental policy of Ethiopia made some rules to protect the environment and also increase the amount of food in this re gion. They used chemical fertilizers in smallholder agriculture had a great effect on the quality and quantity of food. After this experience they tried these chemicals in larger farms and again they reached to the same results in their crops especially Cotton. Because of starvation problem in Ethiopia a Tigray project started in 1996 to fight this disaster and rescue their people. The project showed an increase in the amount of yields after some years. One of the crops which had a good result after fertilizer treatment was pea. In general fertilizers have a major role in better and more crops in this country. As discussed in the previous paragraphs, it seems starvation is one of the critical situations in the current world and this problem lead people to become ill and malnutrient. Consequently scientists, agriculturalist, and governments decided to find a long term solution to increase their yields. Finally after some experiences and arguments they reached to the common idea about using specific compounds which are fertilizers to increase the food to feed their people and rescue them. Generally fertilizers can greatly increase productivity in the current century. After some researches about this project I believe in this idea that using these types of chemicals would be greatly effective on food production and it could be a reasonable solution against famine disaster in developing countries. References: George Charles Lowrison, 1989, Fertilizer Technology, Library of congress, Simon and Schuster international publication Lagried, Bockman andKaarstad, 1999, Agriculture Fertilizers the environment, Library of congress, CABI Publication www. countrystudies.us/ethinews. www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/debates//2440975.stm http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/?q=node/view/499[accessed date: Dec2009] http://www.scidev.net/en/news/fertilisers-key-to-food-crisis-in-africa-says-s.html)[Accessed date: Dec2009] http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf88155949.tip.html))[Accessed date: Dec2009] http://matadorpulse.com/do-we-need-industrial-fertilizers-to-weather-the-food-crisis/nt grow and produce crops. [Accessed date: Dec2009] http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/62763[Accessed date: Dec2009] http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64312881piPK=64302848theSitePK=40941Projectid=P113002[Accessed date: Dec2009] http://whttp://en.allexperts.com/q/Fertilizer-717/advantages-disadvantages-using-fertilizers.htmww.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-fertilizers-harm-earth[Accessed date: Dec2009] http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=subsidized-fertilizer-africa[Accessed date: Dec2009] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/lh014[accessed date; Dec2009] www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-10/970846845.Bt.r.html[Accessed date: Dec2009] www.cropfile.com/news[Accessed date: Dec 2009] www.tfi.org/factsandstat[Accessed date: Dec 2009] www.rssww.sciencedev.net[Accessed date: Dec2009] www.earthwire.org/uk[Accessed date: Dec2009] www.mail.saasta.ac.za[Accessed date: Dec 2009]

Style and its Relationship to Good Writing Essay -- Writing Education

Style and its Relationship to Good Writing Style. It’s a small word that packs a powerful punch, and most writers do not stop to think about what it truly means. Initially, I thought style was a personal element in writing specific to the writer and to change this personalized style of writing was absolutely forbidden. However, through our class exploration of the two style manuals, Style Toward Clarity and Grace and The Elements of Style, this original definition was challenged, and eventually changed based on the compelling evidence. Contrary to popular belief, style is not specific to one’s writing; it is much more involved than that. This notion of style takes into consideration the reader and the ease of the reading material. So, it is not selfish, it is actually focused on the reader and values the thoughts and considerations of the audience. With this in mind, it is important to apply it personally to one’s own writing by changing the perspective about what you, as the writer, are trying to say and take a step back, critically look at your writing and wonder about how it will affect your audience and what they will walk away with. Now that there is an understanding about what style actually means, a quick analysis of each text is in order. Both books are style manuals, each with the purpose of educating writers to be better writers. However, their approaches are vastly different, and it’s important to explore each manual to see how, in some cases, they compliment and contradict each other. To better appreciate different teaching techniques and explore which one should be used based on the goals of the writer a study of each of the writing stylebooks is in order. The first impor... ...adability of the text and a concern for the audience that is reading the writing piece. It is about well-written work that is not personalized with each writer, it’s more general. Manuals are written because there is a need for writers to write more clearly and with style. Each one has its elements of positive and negative and it is the ultimate responsibility of the writer to incorporate the information found within these manuals to assist with readability ease and style. Works Cited: Haas, Christine, http://people.emich.edu/chaas/, date accessed March 3, 2004 McGahey, Michelle, http://people.emich.edu/mmcgahey/eng328/, date accessed March 4, 2004 Strunk Jr., William and E.B. White The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Longman, Inc., 2000. Williams, Joseph M. Style Toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him. Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him.

The Development of Psychology Essays -- Research Essays Term Papers

The Development of Psychology Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and the mind. This definition implies three things. The first is that psychology is a science, a field that can be studied through objective methods of observation and experimentation. The second is that it is the study of behavior, animal activity that can be observed and measured. And the third is that it is the study of the mind, the conscious and unconscious mental states that cannot be seen but inferred through observation. This modern-day definition of psychology sheds light on the history of psychology, for it only became a science in the late 19th century though psychological thought has been present since Antiquity. Previously, psychology had been studied indirectly in the fields of philosophy and physiology. The term psychology has been around for many centuries, coming from two Greek words: psyche, which means soul, and logos, which means the study of. Before the psychology developed into a science, philosophers from as early as Ancient Greece were asking all sorts of psychological questions such as where do emotions come from, does the world we see exist in color, what is perception and what is reality? But philosophers debating these questions relied on the method of rationalism to explain these phenomena. Rationalism uses logic and reasoning to find truth. This technique is far from objective and cannot accurately determine scientific truth. Psychology also had roots in physiology, a branch of biology that studies living organisms and their parts. Physiologists would conduct studies of the brain and the nervous system to explain mental illnesses, an important area of study in the field of psychology. Physiology however, is... ... of the most recognizable are behaviorism, which arose out of criticism of introspection as a valid research method and set out to study only behavior which could be observed directly. Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner influenced this new take on psychology. Other movements include humanistic psychology in the 50s and 60s, and cognitive psychology of present day. Sources Consulted http://www.dustbunny.fsnet.co.uk/Psy1.htm â€Å"The Development of Psychology† : article on the history of psychology as a field of scientific study http://www.alleydog.com/101notes/history.html â€Å"The Field and History of Psychology†: university class lecture on the history of psychology http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/History/EmergenceOfPsy.htm A Psychology Resource Guide with links to relevant sites regarding the emergence of psychology as a science

A Man’s Search for Meaning Essay

A Man’s Search for Meaning is about enduring years of the Nazi concentration camps. The holocaust was one of the darkest chapters of human history taught him that the man’s primary motivational force is the search for meaning. Dr. Frankl’s discovery led to the development of the revolutionary approach to psychotherapy known as logotherapy, which is the own version of modern existential analysis. The book shows understanding why and how people can survive and cling to life given such apparently frail or simple reasons as love for one’s children, talent to be used, or even just simple memories. It redefines human achievement, the will to meaning and logotherapy, and sources of meaning. Frankl recollected on the thoughts that gave him the will to live. The mental images of his wife provided the only light in the dark days of the concentration camp, and there is a beautiful scene when he is thinking of her with such intensity that when a bird hops onto a mound in front of him, it appears to be her living embodiment. He talked about the men who had given up, that could be recognized by the smoking of their last cigarettes, which could’ve been traded for a scrap of food. These men decided life held nothing more for them, which Frankl thinks is a terrible mistake. I realized that I have to find the courage to ask what life expects of me, day by day. The task isn’t to survive, but to find the guiding truth specific to me and my situation that can only be revealed during the worst times of my life. During his experience at the Holocaust, he provided the basis for the development of a new school of psychotherapy, Logotherapy that follows Freud’s psychoanalysis and Adler’s Individual Psychology. Psychoanalysis requires a person’s introspection and self-centredness to reveal the basis of their neurosis. The logotherapy tries to take the person out of himself or herself and see their life in a broader perspective and sees the prime motivating force in human beings to be a will to meaning. In logotherapy, existential distress is not a mental disease, but a sign that we are becoming more human in the desire for meaning. He chooses not to see life simply as the satisfaction of drives or instincts, or becoming â€Å"well-adjusted† to society, but he believed that the outstanding feature of human beings is their free will. I was inspired with the new school of psychotherapy because it causes man to desire to search for their meaning. It shows the potential that humans can have in the world and how everyone can utilize their own aspects to search for their meaning. Logotherapy sees mental health in the tension between what one is and what one could become. Frankl notes that the modern person had too much freedom to deal with. We don’t live through instinct, yet tradition is no guide and the existential vacuum, in which the frustrated will to meaning is compensated for in the urge for non-important thing. There are various sources of meaning, such as a classic source. This is defined as â€Å"life purpose† in the self-help literature. We shouldn’t seek directly and defines happiness as a by-product of forgetting ourselves in a task that draws on all imagination. Another sources experiences a legitimate another alternative to achievement in a society built around achieving. Just because we can’t comprehend meaning, it doesn’t mean that there isn’t any. Frankl talks about only the unfilfillment of potential is meaningless, not life. Our culture worships the young, yet it is age that is to be admitted, since the older person has loved, suffered and fulfilled so much. The fulfillment of our own potential will make a permanent imprint on the history of the world, and that imprint defines responsibility. I saw that freedom is only half of the equation, and the other half is the responsibility to act on it. The Man’s search for meaning was a great example on reflection on the negatives and turning them into positives. Through the worst times of Frankl’s life, he was able to make a new school of psychotherapy that talks about how suffering is a part of someone’s life. I was affected about how a man needs to search for meaning for the fulfillment of our own potential. The freedom is only half of the equation, and we need responsibility to act on our freedom.