What is Resistance Essay Example

What is Resistance Essay Technically, resistance is defined as the ability of a substance to prevent or resist the flow of electrical current.Electricity is conducted through a conductor, in this case nichrome wire, by means of free electrons. The number of free electrons depends on the material and freer electrons results in a better conductor. For example, a piece of metal such as gold would have more free electrons as the atoms do not hold on to their electrons very well in comparison to another conductor such as plastic which has less free electrons therefore, making it a worse conductor of electricity due to the higher level of resistance. The free electrons are given energy and as a result move and collide with neighboring free electrons. This happens across the length of the wire and thus electricity is conducted.The smaller the cross-sectional area of the nichrome wire is e.g. 20swg, the fewer channels of electrons in the wire for current to flow and as a result of this the resistance will be high bu t having a lower area of wire leaves it more susceptible to a heating effect. However, when the cross -sectional area increases to a value of 36swg for example the resistance will decrease as there are more channels of electrons in the wire (This can be seen in the following diagrams; figure 1 and figure 2).Factors Which Affect the Resistance of the Wire?There are various factors which affect resistance of a wire, three of them being the material of the wire e.g. Nichrome or Gold, the cross-sectional area of the wire, the length of the wire and the temperature of the wire.1Below, you can see the effects these factors have upon the relationship between the resistance of a wire and its length:- The length of the wire: if a wire is longer, the moving electrons have further to go, so there is a higher chance of an electron colliding with an atom. Thus, increasing the resistance in the wire.- The cross-sectional area of the wire: the moving electrons in a current are spread out over a gr eater area. There results in a lower chance of an electron colliding with an atom, so more current can flow. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a wire decreases its resistance, this can be seen by figures 1 and 2.- The temperature of the wire: if the wires temperature increases, its atoms vibrate more, each one moving around a fixed centre. There is more chance of electrons colliding with the vibrating atoms, so less current can flow. An increase in temperature increases the resistance of a wire.Ohms LawResistance is measured in ohms. One ohm is represented with the symbol: ?The greater the number of ohms, the greater the resistance present in a wire.The image on the right shows the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It can also be understood through the following equation; voltage = current * resistanceV = I * ?Relationship between current and voltage when a resistor follows Ohms LawThe current flowing through a resistor at a constant temperature is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor. Following those guide lines we can come to believe that if you double the voltage, the current also doubles. This is called Ohms Law. Figure 5 (left) shows what happens to the current and voltage when a resistor follows Ohms Law.Relationship between current and voltage when a filament lamp is present in a circuitA filament lamp is a typically bulb found in many circuits. This contains a filament (typically tungsten) which heats up when an electric current flows through it and creates light. This can be seen by figure 7.The filament lamp doesnt follow Ohms law. The resistance of the lamp increases whilst the temperature of it increases and, due to this the current flowing through the filament is not directly proportionate to the voltage across it. Figure 6 shows the graph which conveys the relationship between the current and voltage for a filament lamp.VariablesDuring this experiment, our independent variable (which will be changed) i s the length of nichrome wire.In order to collect our results, we will measure the voltage (dependant variable) passed through a current of 0.5A whilst varying the length at which the electricity is transmitted through the wire. From this we will compare the relationship between the length of the wire and its resistance.In addition to this, several variables must be controlled during the experiment. Essentially, this focuses on ensuring that the flow of energy throughout the current remains the same in each test, ensuring that the same current is emitted for every test. The following table (table 1) explains this.Control VariableWhy must it be controlled?How will it be controlled?MaterialWe must use the same material due to the fact that various materials have different resistances. If I were to use a material with a high resistance then, one with a low resistance my results would become un-reliable.I will use a 26SWG Nichrome Wire (See justification in pre-tests section.) It will b e attached to a 1 metre ruler.TemperatureThe variable power-pack will be turned off after each recording has been made (refer to method), this will allow the wire to cool down so it will not affect my data.Cross-Sectional AreaAs previously mentioned in the background (with figures 1 ; 2) varying the cross sectional area of the wire (thickness) will affect the resistance and make the data collected less reliable.From the pre-tests and the fact that we did not have enough resources to vary the gauge of wire we will be keeping the Nichrome wire at 26SWGs.Current (0.5A)The current causes the wire to increase in temperature. Keeping the current low at 0.5A lowers the heating affect and ensures the resistance of the wire will not be affected. This will increase the reliability of my results.Through the use of a variable power-pack we can adjust the input of volts and maintain a constant current of 0.5 Amps for each test.Straightness of WireThe straightness of the wire affects the length o f it. If a wire with a crocodile clip on it is connected at 20cm and the wire bends, the length and resistance of the wire changes. Therefore, we must keep the wire as straight as possible, that is why we are using a ruler and some sellotape.The wire chosen (26swg) can be easily straightened along a 1 metre ruler. For that reason, we will place the wire along the ruler and connect it to either end with the use of sellotape. This will lower the chance of the resistance being affected and thus, increasing the reliability of our results.EquipmentEquipment NameJustification for useDiagramVariable Power-Pack (0-12V)The use of a variable power pack allowed me or any member of my group to manually adjust the voltage input through the circuit in order to control and manipulate the number of amps being transmitted in our circuit, in our case it allowed us to keep the number of amps to 0.5 in order to make our experiment reproducible.Digital AmmeterUsing a digital ammeter allowed for much mor e precise readings of the amps present in the electric current with only a +/- 0.1 area for mistake in comparison to the traditional ammeter which has an area for error of +/- 0.5 as it requires the use of the naked-eye to record the readings. For that reason the digital ammeter was used in the experiment.Digital Volt MeterDigital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage to 2 decimal places by use of an analog to digital converter, which lowers the margin of error to +/- 0.1 whereas, an analog voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. This requires the use of the naked-eye and increases the margin of error to +/- 0.5. For that reason the digital volt meter was used in the experiment.100cm Ruler with wire onThe range of the length of wire was 25-95cm, the use of a 100cm ruler allowed us to easily place the wire straightly upon it and easily record the measurement of length in comparison to laying down four 30cm rulers which would have increased the error of margin in the reading of various lengths such as 35cm or 75cm.26swg Nichrome WireFrom the pre-tests we found that this wire could be easily straightened along the 1 meter ruler whereas the 36swg piece of wire could not which meant the resistance was not affected as there were next to no bends in the wire. Also, it was not as susceptible to heat as the 20swg wire which when heated would have caused the resistance to increase due to the more energy in the circuit, which would have increased the chances of collisions between free electrons and atoms.2 x Crocodile ClipsCrocodile clips allow us to connect the wires to the circuit (creating a complete circuit) in a safe manner which lowers the risk to the people involved in the experiment.4 x WiresUsing these in our experiment is essential. These allow us to connect each piece of equipment together for example; the voltmeter to thee variable power-pack.Method1. Clear your workspace, this will make your working area safe for you and your class mates and ensure that there are no accidents.A) Place chairs/stools under desks.B) Clear the desks of paper, books, bags etc. and simply have a pen and results table in order to record your results (following the steps below you will find out how to create a suitable results table).2. Gather all the necessary equipment, as previously mentioned. The Equipment is necessary in order to undergo the experiment because if all equipment is not used or set up accordingly then the data will not be reproducible.3. Set the equipment up as shown by the circuit diagram below, following this circuit diagram will increase the similarity to our experiment therefore, increasing the reliability of the results collected.4. Now that the equipment is set up, ensure that the variable power-pack is turned off with the adjustable voltage dial is turned to 0, this is to make sure that the wire does not heat up before acquiring data as the temperature will affect the resistance a s previously mentioned in the Background section of this document.5. Create a results table with the following headings in a similar order. You should also include the suitable range of lengths at which you will be moving your crocodile clips in the appropriate column (wire length(cm)) For this experiment I chose to use the range of lengths; 25cm-95cm.Wire Length (cm)Current (A)Cross Sectional Area (swg)Voltage (V)Resistance (R = V/I)Test 1Test 2Test 3Average6. Place one wire with a crocodile clip on it at one point on the 1 metre ruler, then place the other wire with a crocodile clip connected at another point 25cms apart.7. Turn the variable power-pack on, adjust the voltage dial until the digital ammeter has a constant reading of 0.50A.8. Record the amount of volts as displayed on the digital volt meter on your results table. for example, 1.289. Once recorded, turn the variable power-pack off and wait a reasonable amount of time so that the wire has sufficiently cooled down, this is because if the wire increases in temperature the resistance will be effected as previously mentioned in the Background section. This could result in our results being less reliable and giving me less confidence in my conclusion.10. Then, remove one wire and increase the length to 35cm. Repeat steps 7-9. Continue to do this until you reach the length 95cm. Once you have recorded the reading for 95cm repeat the above stages 2 more times until you have repeated the range of 25-95cm with 10cm intervals 3 times.11. Now that you have repeated each length 3 times you must work out the average voltage for each length, do to this you simply add all three results together and divide them by 3 (the number of test carried out). For example, I have three results 1.15, 1.17 and 1.12, these add up to make 3.44, then I divide 3.44 by 3 to get a mean average of 1.15.12. With the average, we can calculate the resistance In the circuit. To do this, we must multiply each average voltage by 2, this is because when using the equation for resistance we will get R = V/0.5 which is the equivalent to the average voltage multiplied by 2. Continue to do this for each length until you have done all 8 sets of data.Pre-TestsChange Gauge (SWG) of WireLength of Wire (cm)Cross Sectional Area (SWG)Current (A)Voltage (V)Average (V)Test 1Test 2Test 325160.501.911.911.921.91100160.507.747.767.777.7625200.500.070.070.070.07100200.500.170.170.170.1725260.500.130.140.130.13100260.500.420.420.420.4225360.5011.021.021.02100360.503.693.763.733.73From viewing these results we can interpret the temperatures created when the current of 0.5Amps has been placed through the circuit. For example, when viewing the data for the 16SWG wire we can see that the voltage at 100cm is 7.76V, this high voltage could be due to the low cross sectional area of the wire and because of this the temperature would be much higher in comparison to that of the 26SWG wire which has a voltage of 0.42V at a length of 100cm. Due to the increase in temperature present in the wire the data cannot be counted as reliable as the heat of the wire affects the resistance and therefore, the voltage read by thee voltmeter (for further explanation on resistance and the cross-sectional area of a wire see the Background section).Also, going up a gauge of wire, at 20SWG does not provide reliable results in my opinion. This can be seen with the results at 25cm which has an average voltage of 0.07V and the other at 100cm which has an average voltage of 0.17V. The reading at 100cm was expected to be approximately 0.28V and as you can 0.17V is over 0.1V under the predicted result. This could have occurred for multiple reasons. For example, the wire may not have been straight and due to this the resistance may have been affected thus, resulting in the lower piece of data collected.Finally, from the data gathered and the selection of resources used in this pre-test I can come to the conclusion that carrying out my final exper iment in this manner would not be the best way to collect reproducible data, this is due to multiple reasons; one, there are simply not enough different pieces of wire with varying cross-sectional areas to carry out the experiment to satisfactory standard and two, the increments used are not very good for plotting a graph or conveying accurate results, the increments used in this pre-test were a follows 4, 6, 10. This is not an even increase and would give me less confidence in my results when it came to plotting them on a graph.

Cyberstalking and Internet Harassment - Then and Now

Cyberstalking and Internet Harassment - Then and Now The first federal prosecution of cyber harassment in the United State was in June 2004 when 38-year-old James Robert Murphy from Columbia, South Carolina, pleaded guilty to two counts of Use of a Telecommunications Device (the internet) with Intent to Annoy, Abuse, Threaten or Harass. According to investigators, Murphy was sending anonymous and uninvited emails to Seattle resident Joelle Ligon and to her co-workers as early as 1998. Murphy and Ligon  had dated on and off from 1984-1990. As time went on, the harassment increased and along with dozens of obscene emails each day, Murphy also began sending sexually  explicit faxes to Ligon and her co-workers. Cant Get Away When Ligon moved to different states and changed jobs, Murphy was able to track her through malware he had placed on her computers and continue his attack. For over four years Ligon tried to ignore the messages by deleting them, but Murphy began making it appear that Ligon was the one sending the sexually explicit materials to her fellow workers. Murphy also had special email programs in order to hide his identity and he created the Anti Joelle Fan Club (AJFC) and repeatedly sent threatening emails from this  alleged group. Ligon decided to start collecting the materials as evidence and went to the police who enlisted the help of the Northwest Cyber Crime Task Force, composed of the FBI, United States Secret Service, Internal Revenue Service, Seattle Police Department, and Washington State Patrol. The NWCCTF investigates Cyber-related violations including criminal computer intrusions, intellectual property theft, child pornography and internet fraud. She also managed to identify Murphy as the person harassing her and she obtained a court order barring contact. When Murphy emailed her, denying that he was harassing  her, he violated the court order. Murphy was indicted in April 2004 on 26 counts of sending harassing emails and other violations between May 2002 and April 2003. At first, Murphy pleaded innocent to all charges, but two months later and after a plea agreement was reached, he pleaded guilty to two of the violations. No Remorse From Murphy In court, Murphy told the Judge what he did was stupid, hurtful and just plain wrong. I was going through a bad patch in my life. I want to take my lumps and get on with life. In sentencing Murphy Judge Zilly noted that he was surprised that Murphy made no effort to indicate your remorse to the victim, to indicate you were sorry. The Judge noted that he had received a letter from Joelle Ligon unlike any he had ever received from a crime victim. In it Ligon asked the Judge to impose an effective and compassionate sentence. Judge Zilly decided to impose 500 hours of community service instead of the 160 hours requested by the government. Zilly also sentenced Murphy to five years of probation and more than $12,000 which was to paid to the City of Seattle to compensate the City for 160 hours of work time lost by employees dealing with the harassment. The Crime of Cyberstalking Continues to Grow It used to be that news reports such as Murphys case were an oddity, but with the increase of people managing several aspects of their lives online, both at work and in their personal lives, it has created a vulnerability that attracts criminals including cyberstalkers, webcam blackmailers and identity thieves. According to a poll released by Rad Campaign, Lincoln Park Strategies and Craig Newmark of craigconnects, a quarter of the American population has been bullied, harassed or threatened online and that number almost doubles for those under the age of 35. A third of the victims of online harassment are afraid that the situation may spill over into their real lives resulting in embarrassment and humiliation, loss of jobs, and many are scared for their lives. Reporting Online Harassment and Cyberstalking Many victims of cyberstalking do like Joelle Ligon did when Murphy first harass her, she ignored it, but as the threats grew she sought help. Today, it appears that the response by social networks and law enforcement is improving, with 61 percent of the reported cases resulting in the social networks shutting down the accounts of the offenders and 44 percent of reported cases to law enforcement resulted in an effort to track down the offender. If You Are Threatened Threats should never be ignored - report it. Keeping a record of the date and time of the threat, a screen shot, and hard copies is evidence. It not only can help authorities, social networks, ISPs and website host figure out the identity of the offender, but it also helps prove the level of the harassment which is the deciding factor on if, or if not, a complaint gets investigated.

Jong & Hartog - article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jong & Hartog - article review - Essay Example The importance of innovation is further seen in the amount of research geared towards understanding how it can be encouraged and cultivated among organizational people. Some of these researches have looked at innovation in terms of a personality characteristic, while others examine it as a behavioral characteristic. The article under review has adopted the latter view. It looks at innovation as a behavioral aspect that can suffer or benefit from the manager’s involvement. In this case, the study looks at the positive aspect where interest is on what the managers can do to influence individual innovation. The study considers this as an extension of existent studies which have demonstrated that employees’ innovative behavior is largely reliant on employee interaction in the workplace (Jong & Hartog .p.42). The future of organizations lie in the ability of leaders to coordinate and integrate their employees differing styles via a process of applied creativity that comprise s defining novel problems, coming up with solutions to these problems and employing these solutions. This demonstrates the importance of leaders in prompting individual innovation, however, irrespective of this acknowledgment little research exists on the role of leadership in spurring employee innovation. It is the void resulting from this inadequacy that the present article seeks to address. The aim is to provide insight into the role of leaders in individual innovation. To create an objective study the article thoroughly examines the two main concepts, innovation and leadership. The researchers look at innovation as a process made up of two main phases, initiation and implementation. As a two staged process, the first step concludes with the production of an idea and the second stage concludes as soon as the idea is implemented (Jong & Hartog .p.43). This approach contributes to the adopted definition which considers innovative behavior as a multi-faceted, overriding construct th at represents all behaviors through which employees can contribute to the innovation process. The concern of the paper is idea generation and application behavior. In regard to leadership, the article considers leadership as the process of influencing others towards achieving some kind of desired outcome. The article mainly relies on the behavioral perspective of leadership as this will help in addressing how leader behavior influences employees’ idea generation and application behavior (Jong & Hartog .p.43). The next step is establishing a connection between leadership and individual innovation. This is enabled by looking at theory-based leadership styles. The theory-based leadership styles were originally developed for variant purposes such as the assessment of leaders’ impact on performance or effectiveness as opposed to innovation-related outcomes. Looking at the adopted approach it is possible to identify that the study dwells on the subject of leadership in relat ion to innovation. In this case, innovation is the dependent factor as it is influenced by the leadership approach. What is the paradigm? A research paradigm is a perspective about research held by a community of researchers that is based on a set of shared assumptions, concepts, values, and practices (Johnson and Christensen, 2012.p.31). More simply, it is an

Can there be peace in the Middle East based on the history of the area Research Paper

Can there be peace in the Middle East based on the history of the area - Research Paper Example Can peace ever be established there? There are initiatives under way, but the history of the region has shown that peace is elusive and fragile. There is always hope for a lasting agreement, and the world watches and waits for that moment to arrive. This paper discusses the events of the past, the problems, the initiatives, and the hope. Peace Plan for the Middle East Hot Bed of History The Middle East encompasses Western Asia and North Africa. It is arid and hot. Sometimes called the Near East, it has many rivers and irrigation channels to feed its agriculture. Its Persian Gulf contains one of the world’s most important assets: crude oil deposits. It has historically been a hot bed of political and religious turmoil. The origins of that turmoil include a crowded geography, differing political philosophies, economic pressures, and perhaps most importantly, division over religious claims to an area which has provided the historical origins of three leading world religions: Isla m, Judaism and Christianity. All three claim Jerusalem and surrounding â€Å"Holy Land† (modern Palestine) as home to their religious heritage. Culture of Combat The primary combatants for the Holy Land today are the Arabs and Israelis. But it wasn’t always that way. ... A century later, the Islamic leader, Saladin, who had Egypt under his control, led Islam in a holy war (â€Å"jihad)† against Christians, recapturing Jerusalem in 1187. So the area is known for its years of strife. But it was the Israel community which became the latter day opposition for the Arabs, and today’s conflict has become the focal point of Middle East politics and mutual aggression. Modern Day Conflict Today, the Jews and Arabs recognize that they are both losing this battle which has recently escalated between them. As Goldschmidt pointed out, things got hot during World War I. He said, â€Å"The duration and intensity of what we now call the Arab-Israeli conflict were due to the rise of nationalism in modern times" (Goldschmidt, 1999, p.231). Strangely enough, there is evidence that these two long-time adversaries have plans to try once again for peace in the region. That is a first step toward stability in an area that has rarely experienced it throughout all of history. Plan for improvement in relations Krause and Van Evera (2009) suggest several actions which could improve relations between the U.S. and the Middle East. Two-way dialogue with respect for the traditions of the Muslim world should replace one-way oratory. The use of facts over hyperbole and propaganda will better guide discussion. The dialogue should be conducted in an air of peace and desire for mutual understanding, without the background of conflict generated primarily by al-Qaeda around the world. The United States should confront and contest al-Qaeda at every opportunity and perhaps seek the assistance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) which could apply pressure to combative governments. Initiatives begun Conflict in the Middle East in recent years has focused on the

Effect of PM Question Time on Government Decision Making

Effect of PM Question Time on Government Decision Making As Norton has noted, Parliament ceased to be a policy-making legislature in the nineteenth century and is now a ‘policy-influencing’ legislature. Parliament is thus expected to subject policy to a process of scrutiny and influence.[1] This essay will assess the extent to which the present mechanisms available to parliament to call the government to account can be said to have a meaningful ability to effect governmental decision making. In order to evaluate the role of parliament in this matter, some of the procedural mechanisms of the House must be examined. Question Time in the House of Commons is one of the principal means by which information is obtained from ministers by Members of Parliament.[2] Prior notice of the questions is given to ministers, however, supplementary questions may then be asked on matters arising out of the minister’s reply, of which notice will not have been given. Question Time is widely publicised and therefore has the effect of drawing public attention to matters of particular concern. The process can also highlight the capabilities of individual ministers as they will need to ‘think on their feet’ in order to answer the supplementary questions. In April 1995 the then Health Secretary announced that several London hospitals were to be closed to curb public expenditure. The announcement of this unpalatable policy was made through a written answer rather than orally in the House. At Question Time the Health Secretary was accused of ‘lacking moral courage’[3] and the episode gain ed considerable publicity. Question Time is the only regular occasion upon which the government is obliged to account to Parliament for its management of the nations affairs.[4] Other merits of the system are that it provides an opportunity for the opposition to select issues as well as an opportunity for backbench MPs to question ministers. This in turn allows for local and regional issues to be given hearing in full parliamentary session. It also offers ministers the opportunity to become aware of issues which might otherwise have gone unnoticed. Parliamentary questions are very useful in highlighting existing governmental policy and bringing any controversial issues surrounding it to the attention of the media and hence the public. This allows effective scrutiny of government. However, the process does not provide a direct mechanism for effecting governmental decision making, although indirectly, the resulting public pressure may provide a mechanism for influencing policy change. Further limitations are tha t it operates on a rota system, with departments being subject to questions only once per 3 or 4 weeks; time restraints make ‘in depth’ questioning impossible; and, sensitive questions can be avoided.[5] Moreover, government backbenchers are able to reduce the time available for opposition questions by presenting favourable questions to ministers. Each Wednesday the House of Commons hosts Prime Minister’s Questions which lasts approximately 30 minutes. This procedure allows the Leader of the Opposition to put up to three questions to the Prime Minister. This presents an opportunity for immediate argument between the parties and can affect MP’s perceptions of their leaders.[6] Other MPs are then able to ask questions of the Prime Minister. As above, this allows for raising public awareness of issues and for questioning government policy. However, similar problems also exist, with the use of government backbenchers to praise government action rather than question it. This process has lead Loveland to conclude: â€Å"That MPs and ministers feel it appropriate to waste the Commons’ evidently limited and supposedly valuable time on such nonsense is in itself regrettable. That such questions are also manifestly an insult to the intelligence of voters provides further justification for the contention that the House of Commons is a quite inadequate vehicle for the sensible representation of political opinion in a modern democratic society.†[7] Another way in which parliament may effect governmental decision making is via debate. There are several types of debate which happen in the House of Commons. Debate will occur after the second reading of legislation, yet there are other provisions as well. Emergency debates may exceptionally occur where a matter is deemed to be of urgent national importance. There are also daily adjournment debates, where backbenchers can initiate short debate on matters for their choosing. Selection is by ballot through the Speaker’s Office. Members may also express concerns about issues by tabling a written motion requesting debate ‘at an early day’. However, such early day motions rarely result in debate and instead are primarily confined to shoeing the strength of parliamentary feeling on particular issues.[8] Where pressure grows significantly the government may feel inclined to respond but again the influence is often indirect. Carroll provides an evaluation of debate as a whole.[9] He states that the merits of debates are that: they force ministers to explain and justify policy initiatives to the House; they provide an opportunity for the opposition to expose flaws in government policy and decisions and present suggestions; they help to educate public opinion; they provide an opportunity for government ministers to display dissent, enabling policy changes to be considered; and, they give MPs the opportunity to present the views of constituents and interest groups. However, the demerits of debate according to Carroll are high in number: in the main it is the government, rather than parliament, which decides what will be debated and when (there are twenty Opposition Days when the Opposition chooses the subject for debate); most debates are dominated by the frontbenches; there is not time to engage in full detailed debate or to debate crises as and when they arise; they are often poorly attended; they attract little public attention. Furthermore, Carroll alleges that policy is formed and decisions made before parliamentary debate takes place. The government therefore defends its decisions during debate regardless of any merits of alternative proposals or exposed defects in its decisions and therefore debates appear to have ‘very little immediate effect in terms of influencing government thinking or action’.[10] Perhaps the most effective scrutiny of government is through select committees.[11] These committees are chaired by senior backbenchers and consist of between 9 and 13 backbench members. They allow in depth analysis of departmental action and investigate a wide range of topics.[12] Examples of issues investigated by select committees include the ‘Westland Affair’[13], although the government refused to allow witnesses from the Department of Trade and Industry to give evidence; and the Arms to Iraq controversy, where the Select Committee on Trade and Industry examined the sale of equipment to Iraq during the first Gulf conflict. Media interest may also influence the topics investigated by select committees, as evidenced by the examination of the decision to go to war in Iraq by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2003.[14] Select committees are empowered to send for persons, papers and records and can expect full government co-operation. Furthermore, persons giving evidence must take a formal oath. However, as illustrated above, the co-operation of government, although expected, is not always assured. Once a select committee has investigated an issue it will publish a report. Around one third of these reports result in debate in the House, which are subject to the analysis above. Carroll has provided further evaluation of the merits and demerits of select committees,[15] stating in support that: they provide a systematic infrastructure for detailed scrutiny of government conduct; they are the only parliamentary forum in which ministers and public servants may be questioned ‘in depth’ on topics not determined by party leaders; there is a less party-political atmosphere; the members gain expertise in a particular area; the reports attract media attention. However, the demerits include: they cannot impose any sanctions or direct pressures on government if dissatisfied with departments’ conduct; as noted, few reports result in debate; the government can dictate when persons will not give evidence; they are poorly supported in terms of resources; facilities and rese arch staff. From the analysis above it may be seen that although Parliament has several option open in terms of scrutinising government action, these procedures offer little in terms of direct effect of government decision and policy making. The Select Committee on Modernisation of the House of Commons has produced a report which suggests reforms to make better use of non-legislative time and strengthen the role of the backbench MPs.[16] So far this has resulted in minimal reforms such as a reservation of time for Topical Questions in departmental question time and a consideration of ways in which opportunities to debate the plans of government departments may be guaranteed.[17] However, without further reform, Parliament is currently unable to influence government decision making in any significant per-event sense. Bibliography Allen, M. and Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, 9th Edition (2008), Oxford University Press Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 6th Edition (2006), Routledge Cavendish Bogdanor, V., The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, (2003), Oxford University Press Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 14th Edition (2007), Pearson Carroll, A., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4th Edition (2007), Pearson Education Lord Hutton, â€Å"The media reaction to the Hutton Report†, (2006) PL 807 Loveland, I., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, 4th Edition (2006), Oxford University Press Norton, P. (ed), Parliament in the 1980s, (1985), Blackwell Pollard, D., Parpworth, N., and Hughes, D., Constitutional and Administrative Law: Text with Materials, 4th Edition (2007), Oxford University Press 1 Footnotes [1] Norton, P. (ed), Parliament in the 1980s, (1985), Blackwell, pg 8 [2] Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 6th Edition (2006), Routledge Cavendish, pg 405 [3] cited in Loveland, I., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, 4th Edition (2006), Oxford University Press, pg 157 [4] Carroll, A., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4th Edition (2007), Pearson Education, pg 160 [5] Carroll, supra pg 161 [6] Loveland, supra pg 158 [7] Loveland, supra pg 159 [8] Pollard, D., Parpworth, N., and Hughes, D., Constitutional and Administrative Law: Text with Materials, 4th Edition (2007), Oxford University Press, pg 281 [9] Carroll, supra pp 162-164 [10] Carroll, ibid note 9 [11] Bogdanor, V., The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, (2003), Oxford University Press, pg 172 [12] Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 14th Edition (2007), Pearson, pg 219 [13] Defence Committee, HC 518, 519 (1985-86), London: HMSO; Trade and Industry Committee, HC 176 (1986-87), London: HMSO; Treasury and Civil Service Committee, HC 92 (1985-86), London: HMSO [14] Lord Hutton, â€Å"The media reaction to the Hutton Report†, (2006) PL 807 [15] Carroll, supra pp 168-170 [16] Allen, M. and Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, 9th Edition (2008), Oxford University Press, pg 321 [17] Allen and Thompson supra pp 321-322

Essay --

In 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) and the New York and New Jersey Port Authority held a collaborative planning event organized by America Speaks regarding the future development of the World Trade Center site after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The LMDC and Port Authority initially created six congruent plans regarding the reconstruction of the site. The LMDC saw the mandate they had to follow in reconstructing the tower to be broad. "LMDC thus announced that it would set up eight advisory councils to represent key constituencies—families; residents; restaurants, retailers, and small businesses; arts, education and tourism; financial services firms; professional firms; commuters and transportation; and development." (Rosegrant P.2 2002) The LMDC had made plans that would involve making the site into a mixed area of commercial and residential. The Port Authority likewise desired to stick to the original layout of the previous World Trade Center struct ure. They wanted to keep the space strictly for commercial and office space purposes. (Rosegrant 2002) Unable to come to an agreement on how the site should be used, it was decided to try and reach a wider demographic in regards to creating a blueprint for the reconstruction of the site. The Port Authority and the LMDC decided to accept a proposal from America Speaks on organizing a collaborative process that will bring all of the various stakeholders together. To discuss the future of the World Trade Center site. America Speaks' collaborative event brought together over 5,000 participants. 4,500 of whom were of the general public representative of the various demographics that resided within the region. The rest being composed of government and civic leade... ...c mobilization and decision making embodies the message. When designing a collaborative process I might have done certain things differently, despite its flaws the collaborative process proved to be successful. This success is owed to being inclusive through the formatting of the meeting. Innovative use of online and offline space. Allowing participants during the initial meeting define what they would want in a design plan of the space to be reconstructed. This format of collaborative planning was fairly new and it explains why participants were not confident that their input will not be considered in the decision making. While technology did play a prominent role the management of the process was also depended on the quality of table facilitators, scribes and the theme team. America Speaks was able to successfully organize and operate this collaborative process.

Antonius Werink Margaret Jefferson Case

Contrariwise, training and developing Hart, if even possible, could turn out to be costly as well. Therefore, I recommend Margaret Jefferson to find a better fit for this crucial position, meaning letting him go. At the moment Hart is still in his probationary period, making it less costly to let him go. Furthermore, I suggest to replace Hart by the administrative manager for the short term. For the long term, the administrative manager could train the intern and prepare him for the job and the specific tasks.Question 2 Three recommendations Margaret Jefferson should follow: 1) Straight to the point. 2) Offer help. ) Be professional. When meeting with Hart, Jefferson should immediately make clear what the purpose of the meeting is. She should know what she wants to say and communicate this directly with Hart. There's no need to go into detail about the reasons for the termination. The reasons should be clear, since Hart was constantly informed about his performance and had enough tim e and possibilities to improve it; There shouldn't be an argument or discussion.Furthermore, Jefferson should make clear all the details of the separation, meaning all the steps they have to take (e. G. Clearing out their workspace, signing legally binding agreements, etc. ). Moreover, Jefferson is not firing Hart because she doesn't like him. In fact, Jefferson is actually convinced of his interpersonal capabilities. Therefore, she might want to help Hart in finding a job, which would fit him and his capabilities better. Jefferson could maybe recommend him to some other companies.Finally, Jefferson should be aware Of the fact that she's acting in the best interest Of the company. The lay-off is not personal, but just business. Jefferson is responsible for the performance of the company and the employees, thus if those are failing, so is she. Question 3 The failure of hiring Hart and its particular hiring process, exposes some inaccuracies in the hiring protocol Jefferson used. Firs tly, there was too little emphasis on the administrative skills of Hart, although this is extremely important for the position.Secondly, the decision about hiring Hart was made too fast. Thirdly, the communication and cooperation between Jefferson and the administrative manager was deficient. In order to improve these three points recommend the following: 1) Align the hiring protocol with the specific job. Different jobs require different capabilities. The emphasis in the ease of Hart should have been more on administrative skills and interpersonal skills, rather than only on interpersonal skills. 2) Don't rush the hiring process.Although the need of hiring a Special Events Manager was urgent, they never should have rushed the process. If Jefferson would have followed all the steps of her hiring protocol she may have discovered Hart Was lacking vital administrative skills at an earlier Stage. 3) Include the administrative manager more in the hiring process. Including the administrat ive manager more in the hiring process, could have prevented Jefferson from hiring an incapable Special Events Manager. The administrative manager is better aware of the specific administrative capabilities needed for the specific job.